Yes, it’s difficult for governments to pick green industry winners – but it’s essential Australia tries

Green industrial policies such as Future Made in Australia will likely boost local manufacturers such as Australia’s only solar panel manufacturer, Tindo Solar. Morgan Sette/AAP^[7]

Green stimulus, as far as the eye can see

Australia did not move first. Green industrial policies are surging around the world. The International Monetary Fund has counted more^[8] than 2,500 worldwide as of 2023, largely in developed countries.

Across the Asia Pacific, governments never really gave up using industry policies. In particular, China’s government has supported its industry heavily and over a long period^[9]. This is one reason why China’s producers are now so dominant in green tech sectors such as solar photovoltaics^[10].

What is genuinely new is how the US, Germany and other Western nations are embracing green industrial policies. The US Inflation Reduction Act announced by President Joe Biden in 2022 contained around A$560 billion^[11] in green stimulus, following the European Union’s 2020 Green Deal^[12].

China’s electric vehicle makers have become world leaders – spurred on with government help. This image shows two Chinese-made EVs in Ningbo. Tada Images/Shutterstock^[13]

But can governments pick winners?

The Productivity Commission is worried the government will struggle to use subsidies and tax incentives to successfully support selected industries. Can we really pick winners? What if we fail?

These are important questions to answer. But we should remember we have been picking winners for decades in one sense, even during the era of untrammelled globalisation.

Australia has benefited from decades of international trade and investment in carbon-intensive bulk commodities such as coal and gas. But the picture of our true competitiveness is distorted by the lack of an effective carbon price. Would Australia have exported $65 billion of thermal coal last year^[14] if global policies fully accounted for the environmental damage done by burning coal?

Regardless, as our major trading partners go green, demand for these carbon-intensive products will fall. The key question is not if, but how fast^[15]?

In the absence of an international price on greenhouse gas emissions, green policies are necessarily going to be a patchwork of subsidies and other kinds of incentives.

So the question is not really whether to get into the industry policy game, but how to do it right.

Read more: Climate holdout Japan drove Australia's LNG boom. Could the partnership go green?^[16]

What do best practice policies look like?

Picking winners is hard. That doesn’t mean green industrial policies will fail.

We need to look at this as an information problem^[17]. Let’s say you want to identify how Australia could best compete and contribute to global value chains for emerging products, such as low-carbon steel or offshore wind turbines. Neither governments nor industry have all the information needed to make the best choices. That means collaboration is key.

The first and best response focuses on enabling governments, industries, and communities to better work together in identifying our strengths, and collaborate on an ongoing basis. It’s also useful to do detailed analysis of industrial processes and capabilities, as we did recently for the solar industry^[18].

Research also indicates we are more likely to succeed in areas related to our existing strengths^[19]. But Australia is weakly diversified, meaning we have a lot riding on the success of a few industries such as iron ore, coal and gas.

This suggests there is real benefit to building new capabilities and industries by spending on research and innovation. The amount we spend on public research and development in the energy sector is low by international standards^[20].

Importantly, this approach to industry policy relies on having governments with greater ability to do things^[21] rather than outsourcing. Reinvesting in government capacity to act is going to be essential.

But green industrial policy doesn’t mean retreating into protectionism. Throughout the transition to low-carbon energy, we will remain highly interdependent^[22] with our trading partners.

In low-carbon steel, for example, our ability to carve out a niche in emerging supply chains will rely in large part on collaborating with trade partners regionally and globally.

Try, fail, iterate, succeed

For many years now, scholars have forecast^[23] the retreat of globalisation. The new era of global competition centred on green industrial policies is unlikely to be reversed soon.

The Productivity Commission has contributed to the debate by noting that designing and implementing good policy is hard.

Caution is important. But so is seizing the moment, as governments and industry scramble to benefit from the transition to low carbon economies.

Read more https://theconversation.com/yes-its-difficult-for-governments-to-pick-green-industry-winners-but-its-essential-australia-tries-236144

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