Why is accountability for alleged war crimes so hard to achieve in the Israel-Palestinian conflict?

The latest outbreak of conflict in Gaza and Israel is escalating rapidly. At the time of writing, at least 192 Palestinians are reported dead^[1], including 58 children. Ten Israelis are reported dead, including two children.

Hamas is firing rockets into Israel from Gaza. Some cause casualties, while many are intercepted by Israeli anti-missile systems or fall short of the border. Israel is conducting aerial and artillery bombardment of Palestinian targets. In recent days, it has destroyed a building that housed the Associated Press^[2] and Al Jazeera offices in Gaza, and levelled multiple Palestinian homes.

The conflict is the most intense outbreak^[3] of violence since the 2014 Israel-Gaza war^[4]. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said^[5] Israel will do “whatever it takes to restore order and quiet” and this could take some time.

The question of Palestinian statehood and the enduring Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the perennial dilemma^[6] of the international legal system. The failure of the international community to bring about a resolution in the decades-long conflict reflects the highly politicised nature of international law.

Even though the International Criminal Court’s chief prosecutor opened an investigation^[7] into alleged war crimes in the conflict two months ago — and is closely watching^[8] the current violence for potential crimes — legal accountability will likely remain elusive.

Palestine’s status in the international community

Statehood^[9] is the preeminent status of an entity under international law. It grants the fullest range of rights and carries key assumptions, including freedom from interference with territorial integrity.

Israel declared statehood^[10] in 1948 and was admitted as a UN member state^[11] in 1949. Its statehood — combined with its abiding US alliance^[12] — has given it significant protection^[13] from external intervention.

Palestine, in contrast, claims a right to statehood but lacks effective statehood. The international legal position^[14] is clear — the Palestinian people are entitled to self-determination^[15] and statehood but they have been living under Israel’s occupation since 1967.

On this basis, in 2012, Palestine’s UN standing^[16] was upgraded to the special status of “non-member observer state”. Although the majority of UN General Assembly members expressed their hope this would lead to actual statehood for Palestine, a two-state solution^[17] to the conflict appears less likely as time goes on.

UN Security Council response

The UN Security Council^[18] is charged with promoting and preserving international peace and security. It has frequently addressed^[19] the conflict involving Israel and Palestine in the past.

The Security Council met in an emergency session on Sunday, with UN Secretary-General António Guterres calling for^[20] an immediate ceasefire and warning of “an uncontainable security and humanitarian crisis”. Over 38,000 Palestinians are internally displaced^[21] in the Gaza Strip following the recent surge in hostilities.

Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi argued Israeli settlement^[22] activities violate international law and stand in the way of peace. Palestinian Foreign Minister Riyad al-Maliki accused^[23] Israel of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity, and pursuing a policy of apartheid.

Israel’s UN ambassador, Gilad Erdan, meanwhile, accused^[24] Hamas of targeting civilians as a power play against the Palestinian Authority.

The council took no action^[25] in this special session. The US, one of five permanent members with veto power, has a track record of resisting action^[26] in relation to Israel. China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi said it was regrettable^[27] the US was blocking the council from making a statement with “one voice”.

US officials are maintaining their position that Israel is exercising its right to self-defence^[28] against Hamas terror attacks.

Read more: With diplomacy all but abandoned, Israel and the Palestinians are teetering on another war^[29]

Investigating alleged war crimes

This conflict comes in the wake of a significant development in international criminal law. In 2015, Palestine acceded^[30] to the Rome Statute that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). Palestine also accepted ICC jurisdiction over alleged crimes committed in its territory since June 2014.

In February, the ICC determined^[31] its jurisdiction extended to the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Its office of the prosecutor then initiated an investigation^[32] into the “situation in Palestine”. Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda said her office would seek justice for crimes committed against Palestinian and Israeli victims.

Read more: What admitting Palestine to the International Criminal Court means^[33]

The ICC exists to prosecute the gravest crimes^[34] against humanity and war crimes. Israel has been accused of war crimes in Palestine, including wilful unlawful killings^[35] and disproportionate^[36] military attacks causing unnecessary civilian casualties.

Human Rights Watch alleges Israel is also engaged in crimes against humanity^[37] in the form of apartheid and persecution.

The ICC probe will likely encompass^[38] the 2014 war, border clashes in 2018, and Israeli settlement activities in the West Bank. It will also examine whether Hamas and other groups in Gaza have committed war crimes by firing rockets at Israel.

Obstacles to accountability

Accountability for international crimes is complicated for non-state actors like Hamas^[39]. Indiscriminate^[40] attacks on civilian targets undoubtedly violate the laws of war. Yet, Hamas is not acting on behalf of a Palestinian state, nor does the Palestinian Authority^[41] have the capacity to halt its actions.

As for Israel, the American alliance has been a constant obstacle to accountability. However, some important trends are emerging within American Jewish communities and the Democratic Party.

Read more: As the Palestinian minority takes to the streets, Israel is having its own Black Lives Matter moment^[42]

Many American Jews are showing increasing scepticism^[43] about Netanyahu’s unflinching prosecution of Israel’s conflict with Hamas. Liberal Jewish lobbyists are challenging the Biden administration to oppose Israeli efforts to evict^[44] Palestinians in East Jerusalem.

Some prominent Democratic politicians now publicly oppose the position that Israel’s right to self-defence must be asserted by the US, regardless of whether its military actions are proportionate. Senator Bernie Sanders wrote^[45] this week:

the fact of the matter is that Israel remains the one sovereign authority in the land of Israel and Palestine, and rather than preparing for peace and justice, it has been entrenching its unequal and undemocratic control.

Prominent progressive congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez also asked why the US could not stand up to Israel, which she called^[46] an “apartheid state”.

The ICC investigation certainly opens a new and legally intriguing avenue. But previous efforts at truth and peace-building indicate little cause for hope^[47].

President Joe Biden, for one, has a long-established position in favour of Israel’s right to defend itself.

Israel is also not a member of the ICC and rejects^[48] the court’s jurisdiction over its territory and nationals.

The long war persists. International law — hamstrung by its own institutions, entrenched power relations and politicisation — offers no clear or quick solution.

References

1. ^{^} reported dead (www.aljazeera.com)
2. ^{^} Associated Press (apnews.com)
3. ^{^} most intense outbreak (www.reuters.com)
4. ^{^} 2014 Israel-Gaza war (www.bbc.com)
5. ^{^} said (www.nytimes.com)
6. ^{^} perennial dilemma (theconversation.com)
7. ^{^} opened an investigation (www.icc-cpi.int)
8. ^{^} closely watching (www.nytimes.com)
9. ^{^} Statehood (www.jus.uio.no)
10. ^{^} declared statehood (www.mfa.gov.il)
11. ^{^} UN member state (www.un.org)
12. ^{^} abiding US alliance (ips-dc.org)
13. ^{^} significant protection (www.state.gov)
14. ^{^} international legal position (unispal.un.org)
15. ^{^} self-determination (www.ohchr.org)
16. ^{^} UN standing (palestineun.org)
17. ^{^} two-state solution (www.brookings.edu)
18. ^{^} UN Security Council (www.un.org)
19. ^{^} addressed (www.un.org)
20. ^{^} calling for (news.un.org)
21. ^{^} internally displaced (reliefweb.int)
22. ^{^} Israeli settlement (www.un.org)
23. ^{^} accused (www.aljazeera.com)
24. ^{^} accused (www.timesofisrael.com)
25. ^{^} took no action (www.nytimes.com)
26. ^{^} resisting action (www.bbc.com)
27. ^{^} regrettable (www.un.org)
28. ^{^} self-defence (www.nytimes.com)
29. ^{^} With diplomacy all but abandoned, Israel and the Palestinians are teetering on another war (theconversation.com)
30. ^{^} acceded (www.pgaction.org)
31. ^{^} determined (www.icc-cpi.int)
32. ^{^} investigation (www.icc-cpi.int)
33. ^{^} What admitting Palestine to the International Criminal Court means (theconversation.com)
34. ^{^} prosecute the gravest crimes (www.icc-cpi.int)
35. ^{^} wilful unlawful killings (www.amnesty.org)
36. ^{^} disproportionate (casebook.icrc.org)
37. ^{^} crimes against humanity (www.hrw.org)
38. ^{^} likely encompass (www.theguardian.com)
39. ^{^} Hamas (www.nytimes.com)
40. ^{^} Indiscriminate (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
41. ^{^} Palestinian Authority (www.irishtimes.com)
42. ^{^} As the Palestinian minority takes to the streets, Israel is having its own Black Lives Matter moment (theconversation.com)
43. ^{^} scepticism (www.theguardian.com)
44. ^{^} evict (jstreet.org)
45. ^{^} wrote (www.nytimes.com)
46. ^{^} called (www.aljazeera.com)
47. ^{^} little cause for hope (carnegieendowment.org)
48. ^{^} rejects (apnews.com)