Around one in eight (1.3 million^[1]) Australian households experienced food insecurity in 2023. This means they didn’t always have enough money to buy the amount or quality of food they needed for an active and healthy life^[2].

The data, released on Friday by the Australian Bureau of Statistics^[3] (ABS), show food insecurity is now a mainstream public health and equity challenge.

When funds are tight, food budgets suffer

The main driver of food insecurity in Australia is financial pressure.

Housing costs and energy bills expenses consume much of household income^[4], leaving food as the most flexible part of the budget.

When money runs short, families cut back on groceries, buy cheaper but less nutritious food, skip meals, or rely on food charities^[5].

These strategies come at the expense of nutrition, health and wellbeing.

Inflation has added further pressure^[6]. The cost of food has risen substantially over the past two years, with groceries for a family of four costing around $1,000 per fortnight^[7].

Who is most affected?

Not all households are affected equally. Single parents face the highest rates of food insecurity, with one in three (34%) struggling to afford enough food.

Families with children are more vulnerable (16%) than those without (8%).

Group households, often made up of students or young workers, are also heavily affected at 28%.

Rates are even higher for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander households^[8], where 41% report food insecurity.

Income remains a defining factor. Nearly one in four (23.2% of) households in the lowest income bracket experience food insecurity, compared with just 3.6% in the highest.

These headline numbers are only part of the story. Past research shows higher risks of food insecurity for some other groups:

While the ABS survey can not provide local breakdowns, it will also be important to know which states and territories have higher rates of food insecurity, to better inform state-level responses.

What are the impacts?

Food insecurity is both a symptom and a cause of poor health.

It leads to poorer quality diets^[9], as households cut back on fruit, vegetables and protein-rich foods that spoil quickly. Instead, they may rely on processed items that are cheaper, more filling and keep for longer.

The ongoing stress of worrying about not having enough food takes a toll on mental health^[10] and increases social isolation.

Together these pressures increase the risk of chronic diseases^[11] including diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.

For children, not having enough food affects concentration, learning and long-term development^[12].

Breaking this cycle means recognising that improving health depends on improving food security. Left unaddressed, food insecurity deepens existing inequalities across generations.

What can we do about it?

We already know the solutions to food insecurity and they are evidence-based.

Strengthening income support^[13] by increasing the amount of JobSeeker and other government payments is crucial. This would ensure households have enough money to cover food alongside other essentials.

Investment in universal school meals^[14], such as free lunch programs^[15], can guarantee children at least one nutritious meal a day.

Read more: Australian kids BYO lunches to school. There is a healthier way to feed students^[16]

Policies^[17] that make healthy food more affordable and available in disadvantaged areas are also important, whether through subsidies, price regulation, or support for local retailers.

Community-based approaches, such as food co-operatives where members share bulk-buying power^[18] and social supermarkets^[19] that sell donated or surplus food at low cost can help people buy cheaper food. However, they cannot be a substitute for systemic reform.

Finally, ongoing monitoring of food insecurity^[20] must be embedded in national health and social policy frameworks so we can track progress over time. The last ABS data on food insecurity was collected ten years ago, and we cannot wait another decade to understand how Australians are faring.

The National Food Security Strategy^[21] is being developed by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry with guidance from a new National Food Council. It provides an opportunity to align these actions, set measurable targets and ensure food security is addressed at a national scale.

Food insecurity is widespread and shaped by disadvantage, with serious health consequences. The question is no longer whether food insecurity exists, but whether Australia will act on the solutions.

References

1. ^{^} 1.3 million (www.abs.gov.au)
2. ^{^} active and healthy life (www.monash.edu)
3. ^{^} Australian Bureau of Statistics (www.abs.gov.au)
4. ^{^} household income (www.abs.gov.au)
5. ^{^} food charities (reports.foodbank.org.au)
6. ^{^} further pressure (www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au)
7. ^{^} $1,000 per fortnight (ro.uow.edu.au)
8. ^{^} Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander households (www.abs.gov.au)
9. ^{^} poorer quality diets (doi.org)
10. ^{^} mental health (doi.org)
11. ^{^} chronic diseases (doi.org)
12. ^{^} long-term development (vcoss.org.au)
13. ^{^} income support (doi.org)
14. ^{^} universal school meals (theconversation.com)
15. ^{^} free lunch programs (www.schoolfoodmatters.org.au)
16. ^{^} Australian kids BYO lunches to school. There is a healthier way to feed students (theconversation.com)
17. ^{^} Policies (foodenvironmentdashboard.com.au)
18. ^{^} members share bulk-buying power (doi.org)
19. ^{^} social supermarkets (www.thecommunitygrocer.com.au)
20. ^{^} ongoing monitoring of food insecurity (thepolicymaker.appi.org.au)
21. ^{^} National Food Security Strategy (www.agriculture.gov.au)