Less than two months from an election, the Albanese government last night presented a budget that aims to swing the voting pendulum its way.

Headline health expenditure^[1] includes:

• $8.5 billion^[2] to encourage more GP bulk billing and to train doctors and nurses
• $1.7 billion^[3] to help public hospitals reduce their waiting lists
• $644 million^[4] to establish 50 more urgent care clinics
• $689 million^[5] to reduce the price of prescriptions to $25 for non-concessional patients
• $793 million^[6] for women’s health, to provide greater access to contraception, treatment for urinary tract infections and greater access to perimenopause and menopause care.

These announcements were already strategically made over the past month to maximise media coverage and build election momentum.

Australians want more access to affordable health care^[7] – and the budget delivers this for many. But it doesn’t push the process of health reform forward, which is needed to secure the health system’s long-term sustainability.

How does this compare to previous health budgets?

While the budget contains large health expenditure items, a significant amount was not strictly new funding, but already provided for by the government.

Consequently, the budget only allocates an additional $7.7 billion to health compared to actual spending for 2024-25.

This increase aligns with steady long-term spending trends from previous years. It reflects a 6.6% increase in nominal spending (when inflation is included), but only a 3.9% increase in real spending (when inflation is taken out).

Actual and estimated expenditure from the health portfolio

Health spending as a proportion of the budget is reducing. Treasury

The proportion of the budget spent on health could be considered historically low, projected to be 15.9% for 2025-26.

It’s unclear whether Australians want more of the budget allocated to health, but there is certainly a need for greater investment.

Will this health budget improve Australians’ health?

The Albanese government is trying to kill three birds with one stone with this health budget. It wants to reduce the cost of living, improve health outcomes, and win an election.

Keeping the cost of living down and improving health services are the top two most important^[8] issues for this election. Headline health announcements directly address these two issues.

However, they also deliver a political benefit by shifting the media spotlight away from Opposition leader Peter Dutton. He was unable to legitimately counter attack headline health announcements given his unpopularity^[9] when he was a health minister. Instead, he promised to match^[10] some health announcements if elected.

Increasing bulk-billing rates and reducing prescription prices will directly reduce out-of-pocket costs for many Australians. This will mostly be for people without a concession card.

Increasing access to urgent care clinics^[11] will also help reduce cost of living pressures because they deliver services free of charge.

Making health care cheaper for patients will also improve health outcomes. Many Australians sometimes choose not to access health care because of its cost^[12], which can lead to worse health outcomes and expensive hospital care.

The magnitude of any health improvement will depend on how patients respond to cheaper health care.

More health benefit will go to patients who start seeing their GP rather than staying at home and trying to manage their condition themselves.

The health benefit will be less for patients who start seeing their GP instead of an emergency department or urgent care clinic, because they are substituting one place of care for another.

Is this good health policy?

There is an “opportunity cost” every time the government spends money. Using the health budget to reduce the cost of living means less money to improve the health system elsewhere.

In that context, this health budget has missed an opportunity to build a more sustainable health system.

Medicare is not the best way to fund community care from GPs, nurses and allied health providers. It imposes barriers to establishing seamless multidisciplinary team-based care. These include restricting the types of services non-GP clinicians deliver, and not funding enough care coordination. People with chronic disease, such as diabetes and heart disease, often fall through the cracks and become sicker.

A review of general practice incentives^[13] submitted to the health department last year recommended transition towards new funding models. This could include funding models that pay for a bundle of services delivered together as a team, rather than a fee for every service delivered by each team member.

But payment reform is extremely hard. Medicare has not substantially changed since 1984 when it was first introduced.

Given this budget allocated $7.9 billion to increase bulk billing alone, and $2.4 billion ongoing, this budget has a missed opportunity to start the payment reform process. This extra funding will reinforce current payment structures, and could have been used as leverage to get GPs over the line on reforming Medicare.

The government also missed an opportunity to start reforming the health workforce. An independent review^[14], also submitted last year, sought to improve access to primary care, improve care quality, and improve workforce productivity.

It outlined 18 recommendations, including payment reform, to remove barriers to increase access to care delivered by multidisciplinary teams of doctors, nurses and allied health providers such as psychologists and physiotherapists.

Again, there was nothing in this budget to suggest this will be pursued in 2025-26.

What happens next?

What next usually depends on which party wins the election.

In this case, Dutton has agreed to match^[15] the health budget spending on bulk billing and price reductions for PBS scripts^[16]. But the Coalition has not committed to 50 more urgent care clinics.

Whichever party wins, there is an urgent need to substantially reform health care if our health system is to remain one of the world’s best^[17].

Read more: At a glance: the 2025 federal budget^[18]

References

1. ^{^} health expenditure (www.health.gov.au)
2. ^{^} $8.5 billion (www.health.gov.au)
3. ^{^} $1.7 billion (www.health.gov.au)
4. ^{^} $644 million (www.health.gov.au)
5. ^{^} $689 million (www.health.gov.au)
6. ^{^} $793 million (www.health.gov.au)
7. ^{^} want more access to affordable health care (www.roymorgan.com)
8. ^{^} top two most important (www.roymorgan.com)
9. ^{^} his unpopularity (www.theguardian.com)
10. ^{^} he promised to match (www.liberal.org.au)
11. ^{^} urgent care clinics (theconversation.com)
12. ^{^} not to access health care because of its cost (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
13. ^{^} review of general practice incentives (www.health.gov.au)
14. ^{^} independent review (www.health.gov.au)
15. ^{^} agreed to match (www.liberal.org.au)
16. ^{^} price reductions for PBS scripts (www.afr.com)
17. ^{^} world’s best (www.commonwealthfund.org)
18. ^{^} At a glance: the 2025 federal budget (theconversation.com)