We are on the brink of losing Indigenous languages in Australia – could schools save them?

Of the world’s 7,000 languages, it is estimated 50% to 90% will no longer be spoken in the next 50 to 100 years. The majority under threat are languages spoken by Indigenous peoples around the world: one is lost every two weeks^[1].

One of the world’s fastest rates^[2] of language loss is in Australia. Indigenous languages in Australia comprise only 2% of languages spoken in the world, but represent 9% of the world’s critically endangered languages.

More than 250 Indigenous languages and over 750 dialects were originally spoken. However, as some experts estimate, only 40 languages^[3] are still spoken, with just 12 being learned by children.

First Nations educator Jacquie Hunter, who contributed to this article, has worked at One Arm Point Remote Community School in Ardiyooloon in Australia’s northwest for 17 years. She told us “kids know words, but not sentences” of their Bardi language. She estimates within the next few years, “we won’t have any more fluent speakers around to teach us those full sentences in our language”.

This is a pattern repeated in Indigenous communities nationwide^[4].

Linguists have long recognised this urgency and policy-makers have recently begun to take action. Most notably, this year marks the start of the United Nations’ International Decade of Indigenous Languages^[5] (following on from 2019’s International Year of Indigenous Languages^[6]).

It aims to draw global attention to the critical endangerment of indigenous languages, and engage stakeholders and resources for their preservation, revitalisation, and promotion.

Read more: Invisible language learners: what educators need to know about many First Nations children^[7]

Loss of language has significant impacts on Indigenous communities

The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, has noted^[8] how the threat to languages is a direct consequence of “colonialism and colonial practices that resulted in the decimation of indigenous peoples, their cultures and languages”.

These involved policies of dispossession and discrimination. This is further exacerbated by globalisation and the rise of a small number of culturally dominant languages, such as English.

More than 4,000^[9] of the world’s languages are spoken by Indigenous People. With their disappearance, we will see a loss of linguistic diversity, and diverse cultures and worldviews. Important connections between Indigenous languages and cultural identities may also be broken.

The relationship between language and culture is complex. Cultural values and ways of thinking can still be conveyed via a new language^[10] — an example is found in Kriol^[11] (an English-based contact language with features from Aboriginal languages). Nonetheless, in many communities, language and culture are closely intertwined. As Jacquie Hunter also told us, “We have our culture, a strong culture – but without language how you supposed to keep it going?”

Language is also key to sustainability^[12]. Local languages are crucial for collaboration with local communities. And loss of Indigenous languages means loss of much traditional ecological knowledge, including strategies for sustainable living.

For example, Indigenous ecological knowledge^[13] in Australia includes Aboriginal seasonal knowledge^[14], and traditional uses^[15] of flora and fauna.

This holds the key to natural resource management, such as cultural burning in fire management^[16]. But such knowledge risks being lost if Indigenous languages do not continue being passed down to the next generation.

Read more: Caring for Country means tackling the climate crisis with Indigenous leadership: 3 things the new government must do^[17]

What role does education play?

Globally, the lack of support for minority languages in the mainstream school system poses one of the greatest threats to indigenous languages. Research^[18] has found that the more someone is educated in the mainstream system, the less the use of their indigenous language.

Yet schools can provide rich environments for supporting diversity. Australia has seen some promise here in recent years.

Aboriginal language programs from pre-school to year 12 are developing in all states — Western Australia^[19] and New South Wales^[20] are good examples of this.

A 2022 poll^[21] of about 650 primary school students found they wanted to learn an Indigenous language - ahead of other, foreign languages.

Schools like One Arm Point Remote Community School in WA integrate traditional culture and knowledge into the curriculum through the inclusion of Elders, rangers, and community members. Students create material in the Bardi language, Australian English and Aboriginal English. One outcome was the national award-winning book^[22] Our World: Bardi Jaawi Life at Ardiyooloon.

Read more: Indigenous languages matter – but all is not lost when they change or even disappear^[23]

What can we do in the Decade for Indigenous Languages?

For decades, linguists have been documenting Indigenous languages alongside community, creating digital archives, and producing learning resources. A good example is the Bardi app^[24]. But teachers and students want to “listen with our ears to the Elders speaking it”, as Jacquie Hunter explains.

The demand for Indigenous language teachers^[25] has been a longstanding issue. In recent years, more funding has been allocated. The new federal government has pledged A$14 million^[26] over the next three years, to bring First Nations teachers to around 60 schools. In remote Aboriginal schools, like One Arm Point, funding could be used to bring Elders and resources into the school to keep the language going.

Linguistics researchers also play a role. In collaboration with local schools, we want to work with teachers and students to research the situation of Indigenous languages and ways to broaden their use to protect them from being lost.

We also want to look more at how Aboriginal English and Kriol^[27], as well as using more than one^[28] language, can be more valued in the classroom.

Greater awareness will — hopefully — bring greater action. Watch this space. Watch this decade.

First Nations educator Jacqueline Hunter contributed to this article.

References

1. ^{^} two weeks (www.un.org)
2. ^{^} fastest rates (www.anu.edu.au)
3. ^{^} 40 languages (www.anu.edu.au)
4. ^{^} nationwide (theconversation.com)
5. ^{^} International Decade of Indigenous Languages (en.unesco.org)
6. ^{^} International Year of Indigenous Languages (en.iyil2019.org)
7. ^{^} Invisible language learners: what educators need to know about many First Nations children (theconversation.com)
8. ^{^} has noted (www.un.org)
9. ^{^} More than 4,000 (www.un.org)
10. ^{^} new language (theconversation.com)
11. ^{^} Kriol (theconversation.com)
12. ^{^} sustainability (www.scmp.com)
13. ^{^} Indigenous ecological knowledge (www.ala.org.au)
14. ^{^} seasonal knowledge (www.ecologyandsociety.org)
15. ^{^} traditional uses (www.perthnrm.com)
16. ^{^} fire management (www.nit.com.au)
17. ^{^} Caring for Country means tackling the climate crisis with Indigenous leadership: 3 things the new government must do (theconversation.com)
18. ^{^} Research (www.nature.com)
19. ^{^} Western Australia (www.abc.net.au)
20. ^{^} New South Wales (www.abc.net.au)
21. ^{^} 2022 poll (www.echo.net.au)
22. ^{^} book (www.abc.net.au)
23. ^{^} Indigenous languages matter – but all is not lost when they change or even disappear (theconversation.com)
24. ^{^} Bardi app (apps.apple.com)
25. ^{^} demand for Indigenous language teachers (theconversation.com)
26. ^{^} A$14 million (www.sbs.com.au)
27. ^{^} Aboriginal English and Kriol (www.tandfonline.com)
28. ^{^} more than one (journals.sagepub.com)