why criminalising climate protesters in Australia doesn't actually work
- Written by Robyn Gulliver, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, The University of Queensland
A man who drove through a climate protest blocking the Harbour Tunnel this week has copped a A$469 fine[1], while multiple members of the activist group were arrested. The protest was among a series of peak hour rallies[2] in Sydney by Blockade Australia, in an effort to stop “the cogs in the machine that is destroying life on earth[3]”.
Disruptive protests like these make an impact. They form the iconic images[4] of social movements that have delivered many of the rights and freedoms[5] we enjoy today.
They attract extensive media coverage[6] that propel issues onto the national agenda. And, despite media coverage to the contrary, research suggests[7] they don’t reduce public support[8] for climate action.
But disruptive protest also consistently generates one negative response: attempts to criminalise it.
Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales have all recently proposed or introduced anti-protest bills targeting environmental and climate activists. This wave of anti-protest legislation has been described as draconian[9] and undemocratic[10].
Let’s take a look at how these laws suppress environmental protesters – and whether criminalisation actually works.
How do governments criminalise protest?
The criminalisation of environmental protest in Australia isn’t new.
Tasmania provides a compelling example. The Tasmania Workplaces (Protection from Protestors) Act 2014 sought to fine demonstrators up to $10,000 if they “prevent, hinder, or obstruct the carrying out of a business activity[11]”. Described as a breach of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[12], it was subsequently voted down by the Tasmanian Legislative Council.
The bill was resurrected in 2019, but also voted down, an outcome described by the Human Rights Law Centre as a “win for democracy[13]”.
Read more: 'Disappointment and disbelief’ after Morrison government vetoes research into student climate activism'[14]
But yet again in 2022, the freedom to protest in Tasmania is under threat. The Police Offences Amendment (Workplace Protection) Bill 2022 proposes fines of up to $21,625[15] and 18 months jail[16] for peaceful protest.
Activities such as handing out flyers, holding a placard or sharing a petition could fall within the offences[17].
Tasmania is not an outlier. After the Port of Botany and Sydney climate blockades in March this year, NSW passed the Roads and Crimes Legislation Amendment Bill 2022.
Almost 40 civil society groups[20] called to scrap the bill, which used vague and broad wording to expand offences[21] with up to two years in jail and a $22,000 fine.
Similarly, the Andrews government in Victoria is introducing the Sustainable Forests Timber Amendment (Timber Harvesting Safety Zones) Bill 2022[22], which raises penalties on anti-logging protest offences to $21,000 or 12 months imprisonment[23].
Other ways Australia criminalise protest
Legislation isn’t the only tool in the toolbox of protest criminalisation. The expansion of police and government discretionary powers is also often used. Examples include:
Former Greens leader Bob Brown prior to being arrested after halting logging in North East Tasmania, in 2020.
AAP Image/Supplied by Bob Brown Foundation
Corporations also use discretionary powers. Adani/Bravus coal mining company reportedly used private investigators[24] to restrict Wangan and Jagalingou Traditional Owners’ access to their ceremonial camp.
It also reportedly bankrupted[25] senior spokesperson Adrian Burragubba[26] in 2019, sued one climate activist for intimidation, conspiracy and breaches of contract[27], surveilled[28] his family, and is pursuing him for $600 million (now reduced to $17m)[29] in damages.
In statements to the ABC[30] and the Guardian[31], Adani says it is exercising its rights under the law to be protected from individuals and groups who act “unlawfully”.
Read more: How Australia's expanding environmental movement is breaking the climate action deadlock in politics[32]
Another tool for suppressing protest is the use of “othering” language[33]. This language seeks to stigmatise activists, de-legitimise their concerns and frame them as threats to national security or the economy.
We see it frequently after disruptive protest. For example, ministers have recently described Blockade Australia protesters as “bloody idiots[34]”, who should “get a real job[35]”.
The Queensland Premier has described protesters[36] as “extremists”, who were “dangerous, reckless, irresponsible, selfish and stupid”.
Traditional Owner Adrian Burragubba speaks during a 2021 rally at Queensland Parliament against Adani.
AAP Image/Russell Freeman
Why do governments feel the need to implement harsher penalties?
Some politicians have argued that anti-protest laws act as a “deterrent[37]” to disruptive protest. Critics have also argued that government powers are used as a shield to protect corporate interests[38].
In its new report, for example, the Australian Democracy Network[39] shows how corporations can manipulate government powers to harass and punish opponents through a process called “state capture[40]”.
Non-profit organisations have also demonstrated[41] the powerful influence of the fossil fuel industry, particularly in weakening Australian environmentalists’ protest rights.
But it’s not only civil sector groups and protesters sounding the alarm. Increased repression of our rights to engage in non-violent protest have also been voiced by lawyers[42], scholars[43] and observers such as the United Nations Special Rapporteur[44].
Does criminalisation reduce protest?
Numerous organisations have highlighted how criminalising protest[45] and silencing charities[46] threaten democratic freedoms that are fundamental to a vibrant, inclusive and innovative society.
But more than that, these strategies don’t appear to work.
Courts have used anti-protest legislation to instead highlight the importance of peaceful protest[47] as a legitimate form of political communication. They have struck down legislation[48], released activists from remand[49], overturned unreasonable bail conditions[50] and reduced excessive fines[51].
Police, too, have refused to remove[52] cultural custodians from their ceremonial grounds.
Read more: When native title fails: First Nations people are turning to human rights law to keep access to cultural sites[53]
And in general, research shows the public does not support[54] repressive protest policing.
Indeed, rates of disruptive protest are escalating[55], while protesters vow to continue[56] despite the risk.
The majority of Australians support more ambitious climate action[57]. Many agree with Blockade Australia’s statement that “urgent broad-scale change[58]” is necessary to address the climate crisis.
Politicians may be better served by focusing their efforts on this message, rather than attacking the messengers.
References
- ^ A$469 fine (www.pedestrian.tv)
- ^ series of peak hour rallies (www.blockadeaustralia.com)
- ^ the cogs in the machine that is destroying life on earth (www.blockadeaustralia.com)
- ^ form the iconic images (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ rights and freedoms (commonslibrary.org)
- ^ extensive media coverage (commonslibrary.org)
- ^ research suggests (studenttheses.uu.nl)
- ^ don’t reduce public support (spiral.imperial.ac.uk)
- ^ draconian (www.hrlc.org.au)
- ^ undemocratic (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ prevent, hinder, or obstruct the carrying out of a business activity (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ a breach of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (journals.sagepub.com)
- ^ win for democracy (www.hrlc.org.au)
- ^ 'Disappointment and disbelief’ after Morrison government vetoes research into student climate activism' (theconversation.com)
- ^ fines of up to $21,625 (australiainstitute.org.au)
- ^ 18 months jail (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ could fall within the offences (australiainstitute.org.au)
- ^ Julian Meehan/Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)
- ^ CC BY (creativecommons.org)
- ^ 40 civil society groups (counteract.org.au)
- ^ vague and broad wording to expand offences (www.hrlc.org.au)
- ^ Sustainable Forests Timber Amendment (Timber Harvesting Safety Zones) Bill 2022 (www.legislation.vic.gov.au)
- ^ $21,000 or 12 months imprisonment (www.hrlc.org.au)
- ^ private investigators (www.abc.net.au)
- ^ bankrupted (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ spokesperson Adrian Burragubba (www.sbs.com.au)
- ^ intimidation, conspiracy and breaches of contract (www.hrlc.org.au)
- ^ surveilled (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ pursuing him for $600 million (now reduced to $17m) (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ the ABC (www.abc.net.au)
- ^ the Guardian (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ How Australia's expanding environmental movement is breaking the climate action deadlock in politics (theconversation.com)
- ^ use of “othering” language (www.taylorfrancis.com)
- ^ bloody idiots (www.canberratimes.com.au)
- ^ get a real job (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ has described protesters (twitter.com)
- ^ deterrent (www.abc.net.au)
- ^ shield to protect corporate interests (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ Australian Democracy Network (australiandemocracy.org.au)
- ^ state capture (australiandemocracy.org.au)
- ^ Non-profit organisations have also demonstrated (apo.org.au)
- ^ lawyers (heinonline.org)
- ^ scholars (journals.sagepub.com)
- ^ United Nations Special Rapporteur (digitallibrary.un.org)
- ^ criminalising protest (www.hrlc.org.au)
- ^ silencing charities (hooc.org.au)
- ^ highlight the importance of peaceful protest (search.informit.org)
- ^ struck down legislation (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ released activists from remand (www.sydneycriminallawyers.com.au)
- ^ overturned unreasonable bail conditions (www.sbs.com.au)
- ^ reduced excessive fines (www.thechronicle.com.au)
- ^ refused to remove (theconversation.com)
- ^ When native title fails: First Nations people are turning to human rights law to keep access to cultural sites (theconversation.com)
- ^ does not support (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
- ^ disruptive protest are escalating (www.nonviolent-conflict.org)
- ^ vow to continue (www.vice.com)
- ^ support more ambitious climate action (poll.lowyinstitute.org)
- ^ urgent broad-scale change (www.blockadeaustralia.com)
