Australia’s love affair with the major football codes – the Australian Football League (AFL) and National Rugby League (NRL) – is well documented. However, one aspect that stands out to many observers, particularly those overseas, is the length of these leagues’ pre-seasons.

While global and international sports such as soccer and the United States’ National Football League (NFL) typically have pre-seasons lasting only a few weeks to two months, AFL and NRL pre-seasons can stretch well beyond that, sometimes up to and even surpassing four months.

Why do these two codes, more than almost any others, devote such an extended block of time to pre-season training?

The answer lies in a blend of the diverse physical qualities required to play AFL and NRL and the greater risk of injury associated with short preparation times.

High-impact collisions and diverse physical demands

Both the AFL and NRL are considered contact team sports. Athletes are required to cover large distances at speed, with frequent contact.

AFL players can run upwards of 12–17 kilometres per match^[1], at incredibly high intensities, all while executing numerous technical actions^[2], such as kicking, catching, handballing and tackling.

NRL players face similar challenges. Athletes are required to perform more than 30 high-impact collisions per game^[3] combined with repeated bouts of high-intensity activity, such as running and sprinting^[4].

This blend of endurance, strength and power, combined with the high contact demands, creates a distinct training challenge.

Off-season programs^[5] must therefore develop multiple physical qualities. These include endurance for sustained high-intensity efforts, speed and agility for generating and closing space, and strength and power for tackling, wrestling and contested ball situations.

A shorter pre-season can limit the time available to improve each of these qualities safely. This in turn increases the likelihood of in-season injuries^[6] and reduced performance overall.

NRL athletes endure some brutal training sessions to prepare for each season.

Longer pre-seasons and injury prevention

From a sports science perspective, a key benefit of extended pre-seasons is the gradual increase in training load. This helps reduce injury risk once the season begins.

Research has shown the importance of progressive overload (gradually increasing training demands in a safe, structured manner), recovery management, and adequate conditioning to tolerate in-season demands^[7].

Evidence also shows increased pre-season participation^[8], additional pre-season sessions^[9] and higher workloads (such as total distance)^[10] result in fewer games missed due to injury within the season.

These findings underscore that a carefully structured, longer preparation phase, even if it appears arduous, can build resilience.

By gradually but systematically exposing players to both low- and high-intensity running volumes, physical contact, and skill-based sessions, clubs can equip their athletes’ bodies to withstand the onerous demands of an AFL or NRL season.

What do other codes do?

European football (soccer) clubs^[11] often have limited downtime between league seasons and international fixtures.

Pre-season often entails high-profile international exhibition tours, leaving little space for the months-long conditioning programs common in AFL and NRL.

Moreover, the absence of a draft system can mean injured players are simply replaced via the transfer market. This reduces the incentive for longer pre-season conditioning to keep key athletes healthy.

The NFL’s pre-season^[12] is relatively short. It uses a training camp model that includes a few pre-season games in which their “starters” play a limited role due to injury concerns.

The sport’s stop-start nature and its athletes’ highly specialised positional requirements also results in players having a more specific physical profile^[13]. In contrast, AFL and NRL players require a broader physical profile.

In recent years, the NFL has become increasingly aware of higher injury rates tied to abrupt increases in training load. It is now exploring extended or restructured pre-season protocols^[14] that in part aim to reduce injury risk.

Changes may be afoot

Interestingly, the AFL itself may face a similar scenario this year.

In the most recent off-season, many AFL clubs had only two to three weeks of full-squad structured training before Christmas^[15], followed by three weeks off.

This approach, designed to provide player downtime, might inadvertently produce an effect akin to what the NFL experiences, where shorter preparation periods are linked to higher rates^[16] of tendon and soft-tissue injuries.

Sports scientists at Australian clubs will be monitoring training loads closely when their players return, aiming to avoid the pitfalls of quick turnarounds meeting high-impact competition.

There’s a reason for these long pre-seasons

Devoting three to four months to pre-season training is not merely a quirk of the Australian sporting calendar.

It is a necessary response to the extreme physical demands of these codes. More importantly, a longer, carefully managed pre-season significantly lowers in-season injury risks.

Clubs need to strike a balance between giving players sufficient rest and allowing enough time for a measured and carefully planned off-season. This not only enhances performance, but reduces injuries.

Given the evidence, it is little wonder that Australian codes invest so heavily in this crucial preparation phase.

Darren Burgess, General Manager of High Performance at Adelaide Football Club, contributed to this article.

References

1. ^{^} upwards of 12–17 kilometres per match (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
2. ^{^} numerous technical actions (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
3. ^{^} 30 high-impact collisions per game (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
4. ^{^} running and sprinting (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
5. ^{^} Off-season programs (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
6. ^{^} of in-season injuries (journals.sagepub.com)
7. ^{^} in-season demands (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
8. ^{^} increased pre-season participation (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
9. ^{^} additional pre-season sessions (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
10. ^{^} higher workloads (such as total distance) (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
11. ^{^} European football (soccer) clubs (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
12. ^{^} The NFL’s pre-season (checkpoint.url-protection.com)
13. ^{^} physical profile (passport.world.rugby)
14. ^{^} extended or restructured pre-season protocols (www.newsweek.com)
15. ^{^} full-squad structured training before Christmas (www.facebook.com)
16. ^{^} linked to higher rates (journals.sagepub.com)