20 years on, 9/11 responders are still sick and dying

Emergency workers and clean-up crew are among 9/11 responders still suffering significant health issues 20 years after the terrorist attacks^[1].

More than 91,000 workers and volunteers^[2] were exposed^[3] to a range of hazards during the rescue, recovery and clean-up operations.

By March 2021, some 80,785 of these responders had enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Program^[4], which was set up after the attacks to monitor their health and treat them.

Now our published research^[5], which is based on examining these health records, shows the range of physical and mental health issues responders still face.

Breathing problems, cancer, mental illness

We found 45% of responders in the health program have aerodigestive illness (conditions that affect the airways and upper digestive tract). A total of 16% have cancer and another 16% have mental health illness. Just under 40% of responders with health issues are aged 45-64; 83% are male.

Our analysis shows 3,439 of responders in the health program are now dead — far more than the 412 first responders who died on the day^[6] of the attacks.

Respiratory and upper digestive tract disorders are the number one cause of death (34%), ahead of cancer (30%) and mental health issues (15%).

Deaths attributed to these three factors, as well as musculoskeletal and acute traumatic injuries, have increased six-fold since the start of 2016.

Read more: How the pain of 9/11 still stays with a generation^[7]

An ongoing battle

The number of responders enrolling in the health program with emerging health issues rises each year. More than 16,000 responders have enrolled in the past five years.

Cancer is up 185% over the past five years, with leukaemia emerging as particularly common, overtaking colon and bladder cancer in the rankings.

This equates to an increase of 175% in leukaemia cases over a five-year period, which is not surprising. There is a proven link^[8] between benzene exposure and acute myeloid leukaemia. Benzene is found in jet fuel, one of the toxic exposures at the World Trade Center. And acute myeloid leukaemia is one of the main types of leukaemia reported not only by responders, but by residents of lower Manhattan^[9], who also have higher-than-normal rates.

Prostate cancer is also common, increasing 181% since 2016. Although this fits with the age profile of many of the health program’s participants, some responders are developing an aggressive, fast-growing form^[10] of prostate cancer.

Inhaling the toxic dust at the World Trade Center site may trigger a cascading series of cellular events, increasing the number of inflammatory T-cells (a type of immune cell) in some of the responders. This increased inflammation may eventually lead to prostate cancer^[11].

There may also be a significant link between^[12] greater exposure at the World Trade Center and a higher risk of long-term cardiovascular disease (disease affecting the heart and blood vessels). Firefighters who responded to the World Trade Center on the morning of the attacks were 44% more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than those who arrived the next day.

Read more: Air pollution causes cancer, so let's do something about it ^[13]

The mental health effects

About 15-20%^[14] of responders are estimated to be living with post-traumatic stress disorder^[15] (PTSD) symptoms — roughly four times^[16] the rate of the general population.

Despite 20 years having passed, PTSD is a growing problem^[17] for responders. Almost half of all responders report^[18] they need ongoing mental health care for a range of mental health issues including PTSD, anxiety, depression and survivor guilt^[19].

Read more: 9/11 anniversary: a watershed for psychological response to disasters^[20]

Researchers have also found^[21] brain scans of some responders indicate the onset of early-stage dementia. This is consistent with previous work^[22] noting cognitive impairment among responders occurs at about twice the rate of people 10-20 years older.

COVID-19 and other emerging threats

Responders’ underlying health conditions, such as cancer and respiratory ailments, have also left them vulnerable to COVID-19^[23]. By the end of August 2020, some 1,172 responders^[24] had confirmed COVID-19.

Even among responders who have not been infected, the pandemic has exacerbated^[25] one of the key conditions caused by search and rescue, and recovery after terrorist attacks — PTSD.

More than 100 responders have died^[26] due to complications from the virus, which has also exacerbated other responders’ PTSD symptoms.

The number of responders with cancers associated with asbestos exposure at the World Trade Center is expected to rise in coming years. This is because mesothelioma (a type of cancer caused by asbestos) usually takes 20-50 years to develop^[27].

As of 2016, at least 352 responders had been diagnosed with the lung condition asbestosis^[28], and at least 444 had been diagnosed with another lung condition, pulmonary fibrosis^[29]. Exposure to asbestos and other fibres in the toxic dust may have contributed^[30].

Read more: Health harms of asbestos won't be known for decades ^[31]

Lessons learned

Our research involved analysing data from existing databases. So we cannot make direct links between exposure at the World Trade Center site, length of time there, and the risk of illness.

Differences in age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status and other factors between responders and non-responders should also be considered.

Increased rates of some cancers in some responders may also be associated with heightened surveillance^[32] rather than an increase in disease.

Nevertheless, we are now beginning to understand the long-term effects of responding to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Exposure is still having both a physical and mental health impact and it’s likely responders are still developing illnesses related to their exposures.

Ongoing monitoring of responders’ health remains a priority, especially considering the looming threat of new asbestos-related cancers.

References

1. ^{^} terrorist attacks (www.history.com)
2. ^{^} 91,000 workers and volunteers (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
3. ^{^} were exposed (www1.nyc.gov)
4. ^{^} World Trade Center Health Program (www.cdc.gov)
5. ^{^} published research (www.cambridge.org)
6. ^{^} 412 first responders who died on the day (parade.com)
7. ^{^} How the pain of 9/11 still stays with a generation (theconversation.com)
8. ^{^} proven link (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
9. ^{^} residents of lower Manhattan (www.wtc-illness.com)
10. ^{^} aggressive, fast-growing form (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
11. ^{^} may eventually lead to prostate cancer (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
12. ^{^} significant link between (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
13. ^{^} Air pollution causes cancer, so let's do something about it (theconversation.com)
14. ^{^} 15-20% (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
15. ^{^} post-traumatic stress disorder (www.beyondblue.org.au)
16. ^{^} four times (www.nimh.nih.gov)
17. ^{^} is a growing problem (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
18. ^{^} report (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
19. ^{^} survivor guilt (www.medicalnewstoday.com)
20. ^{^} 9/11 anniversary: a watershed for psychological response to disasters (theconversation.com)
21. ^{^} have also found (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
22. ^{^} previous work (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
23. ^{^} vulnerable to COVID-19 (www.usatoday.com)
24. ^{^} some 1,172 responders (www.newsweek.com)
25. ^{^} has exacerbated (www.thecity.nyc)
26. ^{^} More than 100 responders have died (www.nbcnews.com)
27. ^{^} 20-50 years to develop (www.canceraustralia.gov.au)
28. ^{^} asbestosis (www.mayoclinic.org)
29. ^{^} pulmonary fibrosis (www.mayoclinic.org)
30. ^{^} may have contributed (www.asbestos.com)
31. ^{^} Health harms of asbestos won't be known for decades (theconversation.com)
32. ^{^} heightened surveillance (jamanetwork.com)