how the government's next ad campaign could boost COVID vaccine uptake

The federal government recently indicated^[1] it will launch a new COVID-19 vaccine advertising campaign in July, targeting younger Australians under 40.

To date, federal vaccine promotion efforts have not been particularly engaging, perhaps due to an over-reliance on consulting firms^[2] over vaccine social science researchers^[3]. But news of a revitalised campaign is welcome, and could offer a chance to change course.

In our recent Victorian COVID-19 Vaccine Preparedness Study^[4], we looked at the vaccine-related intentions, concerns and information needs of people prioritised in phases 1a and 1b of the rollout.

The results are yet to be published in a peer-reviewed journal. But drawing on our findings, as well as peer-reviewed research in this area, here’s what we want to see in any upcoming COVID vaccination campaign.

1. Diverse spokespeople

The diversity of Australia should be reflected in the spokespeople delivering messages around COVID vaccination, through both broad and tailored campaigns. Research shows we’re more likely to trust people who look like us^[5], which means we need spokespeople from different ethnic backgrounds, of different ages, and with different body shapes.

While it was encouraging to see Channel 9 using its platform to promote COVID-19 vaccination, their cast was rightly criticised for being entirely white^[6]. They were also all able-bodied and generally homogenous.

Our research also found members of the public wanted to hear about the COVID-19 vaccines from real people^[7] — not politicians. They wanted to hear how people like them made the decision to be vaccinated, what it was like getting the vaccine and what the side effects were afterwards.

Read more: The government is spending almost A$24m to convince us to accept a COVID vaccine. But will its new campaign actually work?^[8]

2. Humour and emotion

It seems like the COVID-19 vaccine advertisements that have been shared most widely in Australia are actually from other countries, like the United Kingdom^[9], Singapore^[10], New Zealand^[11] and France^[12].

This is a shame, but it’s not surprising, when you compare these funny, entertaining messages with the relatively dry Australian ads^[13]. The Singapore ad is colourful, musical and a little bit bonkers. But amid the silliness, it still manages to highlight key messages like “don’t wait and see” and “low cases isn’t no cases”.

The more engaging the messaging is, the more widely it will be shared. And we need information about the vaccine rollout to reach as many people as possible.

3. Avoid scare tactics

Some people have been calling^[14] for fear-based campaigns to scare people into vaccinating. This kind of campaign might include, for example, footage of people with severe COVID or scary statistics about COVID-related deaths or serious illness in Australia or overseas.

However, fear-based messages to promote vaccines can actually backfire^[15], increasing fear of vaccine side effects. Fear campaigns^[16] can also stigmatise people who have concerns, questions, or simply face challenges accessing vaccines. This makes it harder to bridge the gap with those who are hesitant.

Fear messaging can also make people angry and erode trust^[17] in the messengers. Trust in the public health system is crucial to support vaccine uptake — and we can’t afford to damage this as it’s very hard to build and easy to lose.

What else do we need?

Barriers to vaccine uptake for any group are likely to be a mix of acceptance and access factors. So while a diverse, engaging communication campaign is clearly needed, this should be implemented alongside other evidence-based strategies to bolster vaccine acceptance and uptake.

Nudges

Behavioural “nudges” are simple ways to encourage vaccination. A recent study^[18] from the United States found the most effective nudge to increase influenza vaccine uptake was a text message sent to people before a regular GP appointment, indicating a flu vaccine was reserved and waiting for them.

The Therapeutic Goods Administration has recently clarified people in Australia could also be offered incentives^[19] to vaccinate. In other countries, incentives have included anything from a free beer^[20] to a lottery ticket.

Read more: Incentives could boost vaccine uptake in Australia. But we need different approaches for different groups^[21]

Community engagement

Outreach and face-to-face engagement may be more effective than TV or social media campaigns for many groups, particularly culturally and linguistically diverse populations.

Training community, faith and industry leaders to become vaccine champions^[22] enables communication messages to reach more people in a targeted, culturally appropriate way. People want to discuss concerns with their community leaders and communities, where there is the greatest trust.

Support for health-care workers

GPs, nurses and pharmacists are at the coalface of the vaccine rollout, discussing COVID-19 vaccines with people every day. Health-care workers in our study^[24] said they wanted resources like decision aids and pictorial representations of risk and benefits to support personalised discussions with people with varying levels of health literacy.

It’s also time we considered Medicare item numbers for GPs separate to vaccine administration, to support the additional time spent addressing hesitancy^[25].

Improved accessibility

Improving access to COVID-19 vaccines is crucial to increase uptake. In addition to securing adequate vaccine supply and clearly communicating where and when vaccines are available, the booking systems need to be simplified and streamlined. In Victoria, the phone booking system crashed^[26] as soon as the government announced people aged 40-49 were eligible.

Data

Finally, we need better data^[27] about vaccine uptake, concerns and barriers faced by different groups. This will allow us to better target communication and other strategies.

Read more: Yeh, nah, maybe. When it comes to accepting the COVID vaccine, it's Australia's fence-sitters we should pay attention to^[28]

References

1. ^{^} recently indicated (www.smh.com.au)
2. ^{^} consulting firms (www.abc.net.au)
3. ^{^} researchers (www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au)
4. ^{^} COVID-19 Vaccine Preparedness Study (www.mcri.edu.au)
5. ^{^} look like us (doi.org)
6. ^{^} entirely white (www.sbs.com.au)
7. ^{^} from real people (www.mcri.edu.au)
8. ^{^} The government is spending almost A$24m to convince us to accept a COVID vaccine. But will its new campaign actually work? (theconversation.com)
9. ^{^} United Kingdom (www.youtube.com)
10. ^{^} Singapore (www.youtube.com)
11. ^{^} New Zealand (www.youtube.com)
12. ^{^} France (twitter.com)
13. ^{^} Australian ads (www.youtube.com)
14. ^{^} calling (www.afr.com)
15. ^{^} backfire (pediatrics.aappublications.org)
16. ^{^} campaigns (www.abc.net.au)
17. ^{^} erode trust (theconversation.com)
18. ^{^} study (www.pnas.org)
19. ^{^} incentives (www.tga.gov.au)
20. ^{^} a free beer (www.nejm.org)
21. ^{^} Incentives could boost vaccine uptake in Australia. But we need different approaches for different groups (theconversation.com)
22. ^{^} vaccine champions (theconversation.com)
23. ^{^} Shutterstock (www.shutterstock.com)
24. ^{^} our study (www.mcri.edu.au)
25. ^{^} additional time spent addressing hesitancy (www1.racgp.org.au)
26. ^{^} crashed (www.theguardian.com)
27. ^{^} data (www.health.gov.au)
28. ^{^} Yeh, nah, maybe. When it comes to accepting the COVID vaccine, it's Australia's fence-sitters we should pay attention to (theconversation.com)