What happens when you give a low-income family $26,000 in their child’s first year? We think we’ve found out

It’s well-known that children raised in families experiencing financial stress face greater risks^[1] of psychological and educational difficulties and behavioural problems in later life.

What’s less clear is the extent to which transferring cash to their families very early in their lives can make the rest of their lives better.

The large Coronavirus Supplement^[2] and JobKeeper^[3] payments made during the first year of the COVID pandemic might turn out to help, but it’s too early to tell.

In a study just published in the journal Social Science & Medicine^[4], we have attempted to find out without waiting.

What happens when you get $26,000?

For our Changing Children’s Chances^[5] project, we wanted to find out what would happen to the social, emotional and physical health and educational progress of children from low-income Australian families if those families had been given A$26,000^[6] ($1,000 a fortnight) in the first year of their child’s life.

Actually giving families $26,000 would have been expensive, so instead we used existing data from the Growing Up in Australia: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children^[7] study that has tracked the progress of 5,107 infants since 2004.

This data included parent interviews and parent-reported questionnaires to determine their household income and family circumstances.

Better child health, better parent health

Using a technique known as target trial emulation^[8], we were able to work out the potential benefits had we been able to really hand out large sums of money.

Examining families with an annual household income below $56,137 per year we found that a single hypothetical supplement of $26,000 in a child’s first year:

• reduced children’s risk of poor social-emotional outcomes at age four to five; equal to a 12% improvement in equity

• reduced children’s risk of poor learning outcomes at age four to five; equal to an 11% improvement in equity

• reduced children’s risk of poor physical functioning outcomes at age four to five; equal to a 10% improvement in equity

• reduced the risk of poor mental health of the child’s primary carer at two to three years; equal to a 7% improvement in equity.

The benefits were similar when we simulated giving the benefit to more households (those with incomes up to AU$99,864).

While the hypothetical income supplement of $26,000 was generous compared to the sums of cash previously studied^[9], it would be incremental to current government income support.

Cash was good, but not enough

An important finding was that despite their size the cash transfers didn’t eliminate inequalities in outcomes. Inequities remained in children’s health, development and wellbeing.

This suggests income support is part of what is needed, but not the only thing. Research from low and middle-income countries finds that “stacked” cash-plus programs that include services such as healthcare are more effective^[10] than cash alone.

The measures introduced during the first year of COVID have shown us it’s possible to give low-income families much more financial support. Our findings suggest it is worthwhile.

The Changing Children’s Chances Investigator Group^[11] was responsible for the research that underpined this article.

References

1. ^{^} greater risks (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
2. ^{^} Coronavirus Supplement (www.abc.net.au)
3. ^{^} JobKeeper (treasury.gov.au)
4. ^{^} Social Science & Medicine (www.sciencedirect.com)
5. ^{^} Changing Children’s Chances (www.ccch.org.au)
6. ^{^} A$26,000 (cdn.theconversation.com)
7. ^{^} Growing Up in Australia: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (growingupinaustralia.gov.au)
8. ^{^} target trial emulation (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
9. ^{^} previously studied (www.pnas.org)
10. ^{^} more effective (doi.org)
11. ^{^} Changing Children’s Chances Investigator Group (www.rch.org.au)