Scrapping the waste export levy threatens Australia’s emerging lithium battery recycling industry

As electric vehicle (EV) demand accelerates, so does the need for lithium batteries. But these batteries contain valuable critical minerals, as well as toxic materials, so they should not be treated as common waste.

Unlike China and some European countries, Australia lacks a dedicated lithium battery recycling facility. Just 10%^[1] of Australia’s lithium battery waste was “recycled” in 2021. This means the batteries were collected and shredded locally before being sent overseas for recycling.

Shipping large volumes of spent batteries overseas is complex and risky. Lithium batteries have been known to start fires. A cargo ship laden with lithium batteries caught fire off the coast of Alaska^[2] in December 2023. The fire burned for days.

Similarly, a fire broke out on a cargo ship carrying luxury vehicles (including EVs)^[3] near Portugal’s Azores Islands in February 2022. The risk of fire is even greater for spent EV batteries because they are more likely to be damaged or unsafe.

Efforts to recycle batteries onshore^[4] have now been jeopardised by the decision – announced last week ahead of this week’s federal budget – to scrap plans for a waste export levy^[5]. The proposed A$4 per tonne levy on waste exports would have come into effect on July 1.

Scrapping the levy will pave the way for even more waste to be exported rather than recycled here. We believe there should be exceptions for spent lithium batteries – for several reasons. These include safety concerns around shipping and the loss of critical minerals.

By recycling onshore, we can retain these resources, build new industries and develop a circular economy. We should also prepare for the possibility that other countries will at some stage refuse to accept our waste. Then we will be forced to stockpile these batteries, at great risk.

Spent EV batteries are accumulating rapidly

EV sales are growing exponentially. Globally, one in five^[6] new cars are electric. More than half^[7] of all cars sold by 2040 will likely be EVs.

Beneath each sleek exterior is a hefty lithium battery with an average lifespan of just five to eight years.

According to the International Energy Agency, EVs generated about 500,000 tonnes^[8] of battery waste in 2019 alone. This waste is forecast to reach 8 million tonnes^[9] by 2040.

A 2016 report for the federal government forecasts at least 20% annual growth in Australian lithium battery waste to 136,000 tonnes a year by 2036^[10].

CSIRO explored the potential for lithium battery recycling and reuse^[11] in 2021. But little has happened since.

Meanwhile, the mountain of waste continues to grow. It is estimated 360,000 tonnes of EV batteries will be spent by 2040 and 1.6 million tonnes by 2050^[12].

Battery recycling is a must, not a choice

Disposal of lithium batteries can cause fires and explosions in waste management facilities and landfills. If a battery is punctured, or short-circuits, the residual electricity can spark fires or explode. The batteries can also leak metals such as cobalt, nickel or manganese, threatening ecosystems and human health.

The battery fluid is harmful to humans as it is linked to various health effects including heart attacks, asthma, cancer, eye damage, reproductive toxicity, skin sensitisation, damage to bones and kidneys^[13] and other symptoms.

Lithium battery wastes are overground mines

Rather than being seen as a liability, the growing pile of spent lithium batteries could represent an economic opportunity for Australia. The battery pack in a BMW i3 electric vehicle, for example, contains 6kg of lithium, 35kg of graphite, 2kg of cobalt, 12kg of nickel and 12kg of manganese^[14]. These valuable resources will be wasted if the batteries are exported or sent to landfill.

If the raw materials were instead recovered and processed onshore, this could translate into a burgeoning industry worth A$3.1 billion^[15], using Australia’s existing expertise in mining and resource recovery.

References

1. ^{^} Just 10% (www.csiro.au)
2. ^{^} caught fire off the coast of Alaska (maritime-executive.com)
3. ^{^} cargo ship carrying luxury vehicles (including EVs) (www.theguardian.com)
4. ^{^} Efforts to recycle batteries onshore (www.csiro.au)
5. ^{^} scrap plans for a waste export levy (www.abc.net.au)
6. ^{^} one in five (www.iea.org)
7. ^{^} More than half (about.bnef.com)
8. ^{^} about 500,000 tonnes (iea.blob.core.windows.net)
9. ^{^} 8 million tonnes (www.nationalgeographic.com)
10. ^{^} 20% annual growth in Australian lithium battery waste to 136,000 tonnes a year by 2036 (www.dcceew.gov.au)
11. ^{^} lithium battery recycling and reuse (publications.csiro.au)
12. ^{^} 1.6 million tonnes by 2050 (www.abc.net.au)
13. ^{^} heart attacks, asthma, cancer, eye damage, reproductive toxicity, skin sensitisation, damage to bones and kidneys (www.sigmaaldrich.com)
14. ^{^} 6kg of lithium, 35kg of graphite, 2kg of cobalt, 12kg of nickel and 12kg of manganese (batteryuniversity.com)
15. ^{^} A$3.1 billion (www.csiro.au)
16. ^{^} Chinatopix via AP (photos.aap.com.au)
17. ^{^} Recycling Modernisation Fund (www.dcceew.gov.au)
18. ^{^} 63% (www.consilium.europa.eu)