Liberalism is in crisis. A new book traces how we got here, but lets neoliberal ideologues off the hook
- Written by Jane Goodall, Emeritus Professor, Writing and Society Research Centre, Western Sydney University
What is post-liberalism? That is no simple question, though the simplest responses are given by those who identify with it as a movement.
Adrian Pabst, author of the most influential book[1] on the subject, proposes it as a way out of the impasse created by the excesses of hyper-capitalism on the right and identity politics on the left. He calls for a renewed focus on the collective identities of community, family and location.
How We Became Post-Liberal – Russell Blackford (Bloomsbury)
British journalist David Goodhart envisages an “embedded individualism[2]”, which acknowledges the messy realities of contemporary life, while insisting on traditional values of interdependence, mutual trust and social duty.
Both writers may be seen as part of a distinctly British mode of centrism, which combines left-wing commitments to economic justice and workers’ rights with principles of social conservatism. As advocates for consensus politics, they present their views with a reasoned account of the factors contributing to the crisis in liberalism, avoiding shrill statements and overly contentious assertions.
But the movement has less temperate adherents. In the United States, Patrick Deneen[3] has made the title of his book Regime Change[4] a rallying cry, gaining him an enthusiastic audience among some Republicans in Washington.
The “regime” Deneen wants to change is the supposed cultural and institutional dominance of social liberalism – a longstanding shibboleth of the American right. He talks of a “distinct and pernicious” ruling class arisen from college campus liberals, who have created a new tyranny under which individual rights are the be-all and end-all.
The concept of post-liberalism, then, is ideologically ambiguous. It has the potential to embrace ideas from both left and right. Its one common assumption is that traditional liberalism – in its economic and social versions – is in trouble.
John Stuart Mill (c.1870).
Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons[7]
In the 20th century, the longstanding dynamic of liberalism, which defined the free individual in opposition to church and state, shifted in Europe and America, as political innovators introduced notions of liberalism to government. With the New Deal[8], Franklin D. Roosevelt succeed in redefining the word liberal by associating it with new kinds of government intervention to address social problems.
Free speech became core business in US politics as the Soviet Union moved in the opposite direction. Then came McCarthyism[9], described by Blackford as “one of the most severe episodes of repression in the universities that the United States experienced in the 20th century”.
The underlying rationales of liberalism, forged through the long 19th century, were threatened with an impossible paradox. What if freedom cannot be preserved without coercive measures? It only takes a significant minority of a democratised population to believe that for the ideals to become untenable.
The paradox played out through the 1960s. Countercultural movements and the rise of feminism introduced more widespread determinations to keep individual freedom paramount. There was never a golden age of liberalism, says Blackford, although for a time we seemed to be on the way.
The radical visions of the 1960s faded into disappointment and disillusionment. Neoliberal policies introduced another ideological twist, with their stringently economic interpretations of individual freedom. A strong element of backlash was in evidence.
Curiously, How We Became Post-Liberal does not really engage with this side of the story. By the time Blackford gets to the mid-20th century, his already sweeping historical canvas has stretched beyond what is really manageable.
Read more:
Explainer: how neoliberalism became an insult in Australian politics[10]
A Rorschach test
Cultural history at this level of generality is something of a Rorschach test. Points are selected from an infinite network of hubs and intersections. A selective design is composed, becoming ever more subject to distortion as it approaches the present.
Blackford’s focus is on the growth of rights movements and identity politics. He spends time examining the controversy over Salman Rushdie’s novel The Satanic Verses[11] as an Escher-like puzzle, in which contemporary notions of free speech came into conflict with stringent cultural definitions of blasphemy. Claims about rights and their infringement drive in both directions.
Salman Rushdie at the Frontiers of Thought festival, Sao Paulo, May 2014.
Greg Salibian/Fronteiras do Pensamento, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA[12][13]
Read more:
How a new identity-focused ideology has trapped the left and undermined social justice[14]
And so the atmosphere around liberalism heats up. Melbourne psychologist Nicholas Haslam has identified a trend he calls “concept creep[15]”: an expansion in the use of terms related to the experience of harm – abuse, bullying, trauma, prejudice, vulnerability, being triggered, feeling unsafe.
As Blackford reminds us, harm is a central concern in Mill’s work. It is the philosopher’s guiding principle for where free speech should or should not be sanctioned.
But what happens when a society becomes so obsessed with the anticipation of and redress of harm that the obsession itself becomes a form of tyranny? We are finding out, Blackford suggests, as social justice movements move into a zone where permits for anger and indignation are handed out so keenly they lead to new modes of zealotry and intolerance.
Here lies the central problem with the post-liberal movement, and with the way it is explained in this book. There is too much animus and it is directed selectively. Why focus on social justice movements as the heart of the problem, rather than the culture of extreme individualism generated by neoliberal orthodoxies?
If people on college campuses are becoming prone to zealotry in their campaigns against racism, bullying and harassment, and in their determination to gain recognition for diverse sexualities, what about those in the corporate world who garner obscene levels of personal wealth at the expense of people working for below poverty wages[16]?
Thomas Paine – Laurent Dabos (c.1791).
Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons[17]
And where are campaigners like Thomas Paine[18] (1737-1809) and William Morris[19] (1834-96) in this history of liberalism?
Paine gets a passing mention as “pamphleteer, free thinker and political radical”. But there is no discussion of his commitment to the principles of social security and a version of basic income as means of redressing extremes of economic inequality.
Morris, who parted company with Mill’s doctrines on free-market capitalism, may be seen as an early example of post-liberalism, but one that moves explicitly towards socialism. Religious persecution may have been a primary cause of intolerance and oppression in the early modern period, but industrial capitalism rapidly took over as the most pervasive form of tyranny in Europe and America.
Here the secular liberalism of US philosopher John Rawls[20] (1921-2002) warrants more than the couple of paragraphs that allude to his work. Rawls’s vision of an economy based on social justice and the greater good has been an influential counterpoint to the orthodoxy of neoliberalism. His ideas, surely, may also be seen as an earlier version of post-liberalism.
The contemporary post-liberal movement is showing a distinct bias towards targeting identity politics and social justice campaigns. Pabst is one of the few to offer an evenhanded critique on this score. At their worst, the proponents of post-liberalism are starting to sound like Russian propagandist Alexander Dugin[21], who caricatures Western individualism as infantile indulgence, slurring the word “leeberaleezm” as if it were an obscenity.
Isn’t the problem that we get caught in one vituperative backlash after another? Beware of those who seek to herald new forms of sanity. They may be harbingers of the next wave of tyranny.
Read more:
Friday essay: George Orwell is everywhere, but Nineteen Eighty-Four is not a reliable guide to contemporary politics[22]
References^ most influential book (www.wiley.com)^ embedded individualism (demos.co.uk)^ Patrick Deneen (www.wsj.com)^ Regime Change (www.penguinrandomhouse.com)^ How We Became Post-Liberal (www.bloomsbury.com)^ On Liberty (www.penguin.com.au)^ Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)^ New Deal (www.britannica.com)^ McCarthyism (millercenter.org)^ Explainer: how neoliberalism became an insult in Australian politics (theconversation.com)^ controversy over Salman Rushdie’s novel The Satanic Verses (en.wikipedia.org)^ Greg Salibian/Fronteiras do Pensamento, via Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)^ CC BY-SA (creativecommons.org)^ How a new identity-focused ideology has trapped the left and undermined social justice (theconversation.com)^ concept creep (psycnet.apa.org)^ below poverty wages (ilostat.ilo.org)^ Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)^ Thomas Paine (plato.stanford.edu)^ William Morris (williammorrissociety.org)^ John Rawls (plato.stanford.edu)^ Alexander Dugin (www.aljazeera.com)^ Friday essay: George Orwell is everywhere, but Nineteen Eighty-Four is not a reliable guide to contemporary politics (theconversation.com)
