How do we get urban density 'just right'? The Goldilocks quest for the 'missing middle'
- Written by: Elek Pafka, Senior Lecturer in Urban Planning and Urban Design, The University of Melbourne
What would Goldilocks do if given the chance to pick the “just right” density for our cities? Depends who you ask.
Debates[1] over densities[2] in our cities[3] divide between advocates of low-rise detached housing and supporters of higher-density towers. Both offer little diversity. In Australian cities, but also in North America, we see a clear contrast between ground-scraping suburbs and clusters of CBD skyscrapers.
The combination of these two patterns of development has produced largely car-dependent cities. Commute times are long and carbon emissions high. Options are limited for those who wish to live in a neighbourhood with corner shops, short walking distances to a local centre, communal green space and public parks.
Neighbourhoods like this are enabled by mid-rise (three to seven storeys), mid-density housing. This form of building has been dubbed the “missing middle[4]”. Decades of planning for urban consolidation has made little difference – medium density is still missing in many of our cities.
Gross residential densities (people per hectare) in Melbourne at 1x1km walkable neighbourhood scale and 100x100m experiential scale.
Pafka 2022[11]
If experts are unable to accurately measure urban densities, how can we expect everyone else to understand?
Read more:
Urban density matters – but what does it mean?[12]
Buzzwords don’t solve the problem
With confusions persisting, the stigmatisation of urban density, meaning for many “too dense”, persists. This tendency has been often countered through linguistic attempts to reframe the term.
For example, in Vancouver, Canada, the urbanist Brent Toderian has been calling for “density done well[13]”. This term has been adopted in Melbourne too. Other terms include “Goldilocks density[14]” – “not too high, not too low, but just right” – “optimal-quality density[15]” and “EcoDenCity[16]”.
But these are vaguely defined terms that can mean many things to different people. Our research[17] shows that planning professionals in Melbourne associate “density done well” with neighbourhoods as different as North Perth, Western Australia, and Friedrichshain in Berlin. Their gross floor area ratios range from 0.7 to 4.3.
Put simply, “good” density is not limited to ratio of buildings to space. And it’s prone to change over time.
Three neighbourhood examples of ‘density done well’ provided by planning professionals in Melbourne.
By Merrick Morley, based on GoogleEarth and StreetView
Read more:
People love the idea of 20-minute neighbourhoods. So why isn't it top of the agenda?[18]
Getting density right depends on local contexts
The “missing middle” is sometimes exemplified by the three-to-seven-storey perimeter block. The block is formed by attached buildings aligned with the streets with a large communal courtyard in the middle. It’s common and well understood in Europe (Friedrichshain is an example above), but less so in Australia and North America.
David Sim describes this building type in detail in his book Soft City[19]. He links it to nine quality criteria, including the diversity of buildings and open spaces.
Research[20] testing these criteria for Melbourne shows only five larger pockets come close to meeting them, with floor area ratios of 0.6-0.7. These are inner-city suburbs built along tram lines and with diverse building types. Their buildings include two-storey terrace housing, three-storey walk-ups and occasionally taller apartments. None of these are perimeter blocks, which are largely absent in Australia.
Examples of larger pockets of ‘soft density’ in Melbourne.
By Ben Thorp and Merrick Morley, based on GoogleEarth and StreetView
Read more:
What makes a city tick? Designing the 'urban DMA'[21]
We argue that well-meaning discourses about “good” densities risk masking divergent desires through linguistic tactics. Rather, we need a better understanding of the different conceptions and metrics of densities and how they relate to people’s everyday experiences. This will require increased urban density literacy, through formal and informal education, as well as public deliberation, so we can build cities as diverse as our societies.
Goldilocks confronted very simple challenges with very simple means. But cities are made of diverse people with different tastebuds. None would have to burn their tongue if they were more aware of the knowledge and tools we have at hand.
References^ Debates (www.smh.com.au)^ densities (www.theage.com.au)^ cities (www.brisbanetimes.com.au)^ missing middle (twitter.com)^ Source: X – read more (twitter.com)^ Houses and high-rises (and nothing in between): why land zoning hasn't been effective for improving urban density (theconversation.com)^ conceptions and measures (theconversation.com)^ dwellings per hectare (apo.org.au)^ internal and external densities (theconversation.com)^ spatial scales (rdcu.be)^ Pafka 2022 (rdcu.be)^ Urban density matters – but what does it mean? (theconversation.com)^ density done well (www.vox.com)^ Goldilocks density (www.theguardian.com)^ optimal-quality density (futurecitiesenviro.springeropen.com)^ EcoDenCity (www.urbantaskforce.com.au)^ Our research (www.tandfonline.com)^ People love the idea of 20-minute neighbourhoods. So why isn't it top of the agenda? (theconversation.com)^ Soft City (www.researchgate.net)^ Research (www.researchgate.net)^ What makes a city tick? Designing the 'urban DMA' (theconversation.com)
