The Times Australia
The Times World News

.
The Times Real Estate

.

The Whitlam government gave us no-fault divorce, women's refuges and childcare. Australia needs another feminist revolution

  • Written by Angela Woollacott, Manning Clark Professor of History, Australian National University
The Whitlam government gave us no-fault divorce, women's refuges and childcare. Australia needs another feminist revolution

Australia’s history of women and political rights is, to put it mildly, chequered. It enfranchised (white) women very early, in 1902. And it was the first country to give them the vote combined with the right to stand for parliament.

But it took 41 years for women to enter federal parliament. The first two women federal MPs[1], Dorothy Tangney and Enid Lyons, were just memorialised with a joint statue in the parliamentary triangle. It was unveiled this month – finally redressing the glaring absence of women in our statues.

Review: Women and Whitlam: Revisiting the Revolution - Michelle Arrow (ed.), (NewSouth)

Australia’s record of women’s rights is still uneven. We pioneered aspects of women’s welfare, such as the 1912 maternity allowance[2] that included unmarried mothers. But now, Australian women’s economic status is shameful.

As Minister for the Environment Tanya Plibersek[3] notes in her foreword, Australia has plunged from the modest high point of 15th on the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap index to 43rd in 2022.

The first two women parliamentarians, Dorothy Tangey and Enid Lyons, were memorialised with a joint statue this year, in March 2023. Lukas Coch/AAP

Read more: 'A policy aesthete': a new biography of Tanya Plibersek shows how governments work – and affect people's lives[4]

What Whitlam did for women

Federation was an exciting time for women. But the next peak didn’t arrive until the 1970s, when the Whitlam Government proved a beachhead for women’s rights. Feminism helped to swell the tide of change carrying Gough Whitlam[5] to power in 1972.

But just how did Whitlam conceive his agenda for women? What were his short-lived government’s many achievements in this area? Until now, these questions haven’t been fully studied.

Women and Whitlam[6] is important not just for taking on this task, but for its stellar cast of essayists. Many of them were feminist activists in the 1970s, and their memories add rich narrative detail.

The book is edited by Michelle Arrow, a Whitlam Institute[7] Research Fellow and an authority on women, gender and sexuality in the 1970s: not least through her prize-winning monograph, The Seventies[8].

This excellent collection’s origins lie in a conference[9] held at Old Parliament House in November 2019, organised by the Whitlam Institute. The book has been several years in the making, but its timing is perfect. Its month of publication, April 2023, is the 50th anniversary of Gough Whitlam’s appointment of Elizabeth Reid as his adviser on women’s affairs. This role, as an adviser to a head of government, was a world first. In her introduction, Arrow points out Whitlam’s 1972 election speech[10] only outlined three “women’s issues” as part of his program. But she also notes the late (former Senator) Susan Ryan[11]’s excited response when she heard him begin it with the inclusive words, “Men and women of Australia” – a symbolic break from tradition. Iola Mathews, journalist and Women’s Electoral Lobby activist, captures the speed with which Whitlam acted on women’s issues: In his first week of office he reopened the federal Equal Pay case, removed the tax on contraceptives and announced funding for birth control programs. Arrow summarises what else the Whitlam government did for women. It extended the minimum wage for women and funded women’s refuges, women’s health centres and community childcare. It introduced no-fault divorce and the Family Court. It introduced paid maternity leave in the public service. And it addressed discrimination against girls in schools. Women also benefited from other reforms, like making tertiary education affordable. Read more: Fifty years ago, the new Whitlam government removed the luxury sales tax on the pill. It changed Australian women's lives[12] A world-first role Elizabeth Reid’s chapter is especially powerful, because of the importance of her work as Whitlam’s women’s adviser and because she worked closely with him. She suggests Whitlam’s consciousness of feminism grew during his term in office. By September 1974, he understood his own policies and reforms could only go so far. Fundamental cultural shift was required: We have to attack the social inequalities, the hidden and usually unarticulated assumptions which affect women not only in employment but in the whole range of their opportunities in life […] this requires a re-education of the community. Reid encapsulates how she forged her own novel role: travelling around Australia to listen to women of all backgrounds, holding meetings in venues ranging from factories, farms and universities to jails. Soon, she received more letters than anyone in the government, other than Whitlam himself. After listening and gathering women’s views, she learned how to approach parliamentarians and public servants in order to make and implement policies. Elizabeth Reid, in her world-first role as women’s advisor, received more letters than even Whitlam himself.Part of the power of Reid’s chapter lies in the insights she gives readers into the revolutionary nature of women’s liberation[13]. Feminists who hit their stride in the 1970s had bold ambitions: ending patriarchal oppression, uprooting sexism as a system of male domination, taking back control of women’s bodies and sexuality, and using consciousness-raising to find alternatives to the confinement of women as housewives[14]. Some in women’s liberation questioned the possibility of creating revolution from within government. But Reid’s chapter showcases her remarkable ability to take the fundamental insights of the movement and use them. She listened to Australian women and applied her insights and feminist principles to the key areas of employment and financial discrimination, education, childcare, social welfare and urban planning. Read more: How Australia became a nation, and women won the vote[15] A dynamic movement One vibrant thread connecting several chapters is the dynamism of the women’s liberation movement: not least, the Canberra group where Reid developed her feminism. Biff Ward recalls the night in early 1973 that she and other Canberra women from the women’s liberation movement attended the party held for the 18 shortlisted applicants for the women’s adviser job. It was a seemingly ordinary Saturday-night event in a suburban home: the prime minister was among the prominent Labor men present. Ward recalls the extraordinary atmosphere at the party, with the government luminaries aware of their own newfound power, yet “sidelined” by the women. These women knew each other from the movement and constituted “a tribe” that had the men on edge, because of the women’s shared confidence and agenda. The chapter on the late Pat Eatock, the Aboriginal feminist who had travelled from Sydney to Canberra in early 1972 for the Tent Embassy[16], then stayed to move into the Women’s House (run by the Women’s Liberation group) is co-written by her daughter Cathy Eatock. In 1972 Pat Eatock became the first Indigenous woman to stand for federal parliament. Later she became a public servant, an academic and a pioneer in Aboriginal television. She was part of the Canberra women’s liberation movement, despite not feeling accepted by some members. On balance, Eatock believed the movement changed her life for the better. She participated in the celebrated 1975 Women and Politics Conference[17], and was in the Australian delegation to the International Women’s Year Conference in Mexico City, where she found Australian feminist theory was “leading the world”. Pat Eatock at the 1975 World Conference on the Status of Women.Greater expectations The book is organised into five sections, each introduced by a relevant expert. In the section on law, Elizabeth Evatt succinctly describes her path-breaking roles. She was deputy president of the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (predecessor to the Fair Work Commission), chair of the Royal Commission on Human Relationships 1974-77[18] (which brought abortion, homosexuality and domestic violence into the spotlight); and first chief judge of the Family Court of Australia. The latter was created by the Family Law Act of 1975, which introduced no-fault divorce. In her conclusion, Evatt laments the recent merger[19] of the Family Court with the Federal Circuit Court, and hails the Family Law Act as one of Whitlam’s great legacies. Elizabeth Evatt hails the Family Law Act as one of Whitlam’s greatest achievements. Luis Enrique Ascui/AAP In the health and social policy section, former Labor Senator Margaret Reynolds recalls observing the Whitlam government’s achievements from conservative Townsville, where she was a founding member of the local Women’s Electoral Lobby. As a teacher, she saw how the reforms in education benefited regional schools and children. And the Townsville CAE introduced a training program for teaching monitors from remote communities, which particularly helped Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. In the section on legacies, author and former “femocrat” Sara Dowse catalogues the disastrous social consequences of neoliberalism[20], which have been braided with the many real and important gains for women since the 1970s. Hope lies, she suggests, in women’s greater expectations for their own lives. I have focused on essays by senior feminists, but the 16 wide-ranging chapters include contributions from younger authors, too. From our current standpoint, the fervour of the 1970s is enviable. It’s very promising that the 2022 election brought an influx of new women MPs. But if we’re going to conquer intimate violence[21], women’s homelessness[22] and the gender pay gap[23], we need another feminist revolution. References^ women federal MPs (theconversation.com)^ 1912 maternity allowance (www.naa.gov.au)^ Tanya Plibersek (theconversation.com)^ 'A policy aesthete': a new biography of Tanya Plibersek shows how governments work – and affect people's lives (theconversation.com)^ Gough Whitlam (theconversation.com)^ Women and Whitlam (unsw.press)^ Whitlam Institute (www.whitlam.org)^ The Seventies (www.newsouthbooks.com.au)^ a conference (www.whitlam.org)^ Whitlam’s 1972 election speech (electionspeeches.moadoph.gov.au)^ Susan Ryan (theconversation.com)^ Fifty years ago, the new Whitlam government removed the luxury sales tax on the pill. It changed Australian women's lives (theconversation.com)^ women’s liberation (theconversation.com)^ as housewives (theconversation.com)^ How Australia became a nation, and women won the vote (theconversation.com)^ Tent Embassy (theconversation.com)^ 1975 Women and Politics Conference (www.abc.net.au)^ Royal Commission on Human Relationships 1974-77 (pmtranscripts.pmc.gov.au)^ the recent merger (theconversation.com)^ neoliberalism (theconversation.com)^ intimate violence (theconversation.com)^ women’s homelessness (theconversation.com)^ gender pay gap (theconversation.com)

Read more https://theconversation.com/the-whitlam-government-gave-us-no-fault-divorce-womens-refuges-and-childcare-australia-needs-another-feminist-revolution-202238

The Times Features

Discover the Charm of a Girl's White Dress

Key Highlights Timeless elegance: White dresses feel pure and have classic charm. They are perfect for many types of events. Versatile styles: You can pick from lace, embroid...

Top Medical Grade Red Light Therapy Devices in Australia

Key Highlights Lumitter™ has advanced red light therapy devices that combine new ideas with wellness. Red light therapy helps lower pain and swelling and boosts skin health. ...

Why Regional Small Businesses in Bendigo Deserve Better Access to Finance in 2025

In the heart of regional Victoria, Bendigo has long stood as a beacon of innovation, resilience and community spirit. As we step further into 2025, the importance of nurturing sm...

Is It Time for a Deep Cleaning? Signs You Shouldn’t Ignore

Most people know they should visit the dentist for a regular check-up and cleaning every six months. But sometimes, a standard cleaning isn’t enough. When plaque and tartar build...

The Hidden Meaning Behind Popular Engagement Ring Cuts

When it comes to engagement rings, the cut of the diamond is not just about aesthetics. Each shape carries its own symbolism and significance, making it an important decision for...

Annual Health Exams in the Office: How They Can Reduce Sick Days and Healthcare Costs

Regular health check-ups, especially annual health exams in the office, can significantly impact the overall well-being of your workforce. A proactive approach to employee health...

Times Magazine

The Essential Guide to Transforming Office Spaces for Maximum Efficiency

Why Office Fitouts MatterA well-designed office can make all the difference in productivity, employee satisfaction, and client impressions. Businesses of all sizes are investing in updated office spaces to create environments that foster collaborat...

The A/B Testing Revolution: How AI Optimized Landing Pages Without Human Input

A/B testing was always integral to the web-based marketing world. Was there a button that converted better? Marketing could pit one against the other and see which option worked better. This was always through human observation, and over time, as d...

Using Countdown Timers in Email: Do They Really Increase Conversions?

In a world that's always on, where marketers are attempting to entice a subscriber and get them to convert on the same screen with one email, the power of urgency is sometimes the essential element needed. One of the most popular ways to create urg...

Types of Software Consultants

In today's technology-driven world, businesses often seek the expertise of software consultants to navigate complex software needs. There are several types of software consultants, including solution architects, project managers, and user experienc...

CWU Assistive Tech Hub is Changing Lives: Win a Free Rollator Walker This Easter!

🌟 Mobility. Independence. Community. All in One. This Easter, the CWU Assistive Tech Hub is pleased to support the Banyule community by giving away a rollator walker. The giveaway will take place during the Macleod Village Easter Egg Hunt & Ma...

"Eternal Nurture" by Cara Barilla: A Timeless Collection of Wisdom and Healing

Renowned Sydney-born author and educator Cara Barilla has released her latest book, Eternal Nurture, a profound collection of inspirational quotes designed to support mindfulness, emotional healing, and personal growth. With a deep commitment to ...

LayBy Shopping