Who is perpetrating domestic, sexual and family violence?

Most perpetrators of violence are male and most victims are female. Shutterstock

Self-report data

Another stream of data comes from surveys in which people report on their own use of violent behaviours. A key issue here is that most self-reported data on domestic violence relies only on asking individuals if they or their partners have ever committed any violent acts from a specified list (slapping, kicking, punching, and so on).

Popular measures such as the Conflict Tactics Scale^[8] do not also ask^[9] about severity, frequency, impact^[10] (injury or fear), intent, whether the acts were in self-defence, or their history and context^[11]. They omit^[12] sexual violence, stalking, other violent acts, and violence after separation.

Much self-reported data on domestic violence do not measure the pattern of power and control exerted by an individual over their intimate partner or former partner, although many researchers and advocates see this as defining domestic violence^[13].

Studies of domestic violence that use the Conflict Tactics Scales or other similar, acts-based measures tend to find^[14] males and females perpetrate aggression against intimate partners at similar rates, or in some instances that women report higher rates of perpetration than men.

Such studies also often find substantial proportions of people have used at least one type of aggression or abuse against a partner. For example, in a US study^[15] among university students, 18% of men and 34% of women reported perpetrating physical aggression towards their partners and 98% of both men and women reported perpetrating psychological aggression.

Apparent findings that men and women are using domestic violence at similar rates must be interpreted with caution, for four reasons.

First, most studies^[16] are just “counting the blows”, measuring any use of a set list of violent acts. They may lead to false positives^[17] or over-reporting^[18], including of harmless^[19] and innocuous^[20] behaviours.

Second, there is evidence men are less likely than women to report^[21] their own use of violence.

Third, women’s violence is more often in self-defence^[22] than men’s.

And fourth, even where overall rates of the use of various violent acts are similar among males and females, males’ use of violence typically is more frequent, severe, fear-inducing^[23], injurious^[24], and harmful than females’ use of violence.

Gender contrasts in rates of perpetration are far stronger for sexual violence. Boys and young men have significantly higher rates of sexual violence perpetration than girls and young women, as documented in reviews of studies among teenagers^[25] and young people^[26].

Significant numbers of males have perpetrated sexual violence. For example, close to one-third (29%) of men at universities in the USA and Canada^[27] reported having perpetrated sexual violence. In a multi-country self-report study^[28] in the Asia-Pacific, proportions of men reporting they had perpetrated some form of rape against a woman or girl ranged from 10% to 62%.

Read more: Pregnant women are at increased risk of domestic violence in all cultural groups^[29]

Perpetrators in society

People’s use of violence often starts young. Substantial proportions of adolescents perpetrate dating violence against their intimate partners and ex-partners. US studies find the average age of first perpetration of sexual violence by males is 16^[30].

Few perpetrators are held to account for their crimes. The vast majority of perpetrators of domestic and sexual violence do not ever come^[31] to the attention of police or legal systems^[32].

Perpetration is driven by risk factors at the individual, relationship, and community levels. Prevention efforts must address childhood exposure^[33] to domestic and family violence, violent^[34] and sexist^[35] norms, peers’ condoning of violence^[36], community disadvantage^[37], and other factors^[38].

We need to know far more about perpetrators and perpetration. We need national data^[39] on the extent and character of people’s use of domestic and sexual violence. We need well-designed methods^[40] that capture the character, breadth, severity, impact, and contexts of violence perpetration. We need research on female and LGBT^[41] perpetrators and on diverse forms of violence. We need to know more about the risk^[42] and protective^[43] factors^[44] that either feed into perpetration or protect against it.

Without this information we do not know where best to target interventions against perpetration effectively, when to intervene early, and whether Australia’s efforts to reduce the use of violence are making progress.

Read more: Women who suffer domestic violence fare much worse financially after separating from their partner: new data^[45]

Read more https://theconversation.com/who-is-perpetrating-domestic-sexual-and-family-violence-192606