The Times Australia
The Times World News

.
The Times Real Estate

.

Lung cancer rates have decreased for the Marlboro Man, but have risen steeply for nonsmokers and young women – an oncologist explains why

  • Written by Estelamari Rodriguez, Associate Director of Community Outreach in Thoracic Oncology, University of Miami
Lung cancer rates have decreased for the Marlboro Man, but have risen steeply for nonsmokers and young women – an oncologist explains why

When many people think of an average lung cancer patient, they often imagine an older man smoking[1]. But the face of lung cancer has changed. Over the past 15 years, more women, never smokers and younger people[2] are being diagnosed with lung cancer.

In fact, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women[3], and more women die from lung cancer than breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer each year. The American Lung Association reports that while lung cancer rates have risen by 79% for women over the last 44 years, they decreased by 43% for men[4]. And for the first time in history, there are more young women than men[5] diagnosed with lung cancer.

As a thoracic oncologist[6] at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, part of the University of Miami Health System, I have seen many younger women and never smokers walk into my clinic with a new diagnosis of lung cancer. Particularly for never smokers, lung cancer is unexpected for both patients and their doctors, which can often lead to delays in diagnosis. Researchers have described this trend of increasing lung cancer rates among women in different parts of the world[7] and are starting to understand why cases are on the rise.

Lung cancer in women

The first explanation of why rates of lung cancer in women have increased is that many started smoking later than men[8], pushing back their peak in smoking-related lung cancer diagnoses.

Women also started smoking in the years when filtered cigarettes were most commonly used. This led to an increased risk of a type of cancer called adenocarcinoma[9] due to the way cigarette filters distribute tobacco smoke to the outer parts of the lungs. Some studies suggest that women are more susceptible[10] to the carcinogenic effects of exposure to tobacco and cigarette smoke, including second-hand smoke, and may develop lung cancer after fewer years of smoking compared to men.

However, it is important to note that most people diagnosed today with lung cancer are not active smokers. About 20% of women with lung cancer[11] have never smoked – higher than for men with lung cancer who’ve never smoked.

An increasing number of lung cancer diagnoses are among people who never smoked.

Lung cancer risk factors

Besides smoking and secondhand smoke, there are several other lung cancer risk factors[12]. These include a family history of cancer and exposure to asbestos, radon and air pollution.

Exposure to carcinogens in the workplace in the form of inhaled chemicals such as arsenic[13], beryllium, cadmium, silica and nickel is still a concern in some parts of the world. The potential lung cancer risk of e-cigarette[14] and marijuana smoke is still under study but of potential concern.

Recently, researchers have also found that genetics[15] can play[16] a role[17] in lung cancer risk in some patients with a strong history of lung cancer. Studies of these families have helped identify potential susceptibility genes for lung cancer and environmental risk factors.

Like BRCA1 and BRCA2[18] in breast cancer, alterations in genes that promote or protect against tumor development can contribute to lung cancer development. Researchers have yet to identify specific mutations that may predispose individuals to lung cancer. However, studying familial genetic predispositions can help elucidate how lung cancer develops and lead to new biomarkers[19] for early cancer detection in high-risk groups.

Lung cancer screening

In 2021, the United States Preventive Services Task Force updated its lung cancer screening guidelines[20] to include younger patients with less smoking history. Now, lung cancer screening is recommended for adults ages 50 to 80 who have smoked at least one pack per day for 20 years, current smokers and former smokers who quit smoking within the last 15 years. Women at risk for lung cancer can talk to their doctors about ordering a low-dose CT scan[21] for lung cancer screening.

Nationwide, more than 70% of eligible women[22] undergo breast cancer screening but less than 6% of all eligible smokers[23] pursue lung cancer screening. Researchers estimate that these new screening guidelines will increase the number of women[24] eligible for lung cancer screening by 40% by including those at a younger age who have less smoking exposure.

CT scan of lung adenocarcinoma
A low-dose CT scan can help with early detection of lung cancer. In this image, the tumor is the white nodule in the upper right corner of the black space. Atlas of Pulmonary Pathology/Flickr, CC BY-SA[25][26]

Lung cancer diagnosis

In recent years, increasing understanding of the genetic changes that can lead to cancer and how to harness the immune system to treat cancer has led to new targeted therapies[27] and immunotherapies[28] that have improved the prognosis of patients with lung cancer. Women tend to have a better lung cancer prognosis[29] than men, especially if they never smoked and have tumors with molecular changes that can be treated with targeted therapies.

However, lung cancer symptoms may go unrecognized in women[30]. Symptoms of lung cancer can include coughing, shortness of breath, overwhelming fatigue and pain in the back, chest or shoulder, which could be confused for other ailments. Because women tend to be slightly younger when diagnosed than men[31], patients may be able to tolerate symptoms longer and delay seeking medical attention. Physicians also might not attribute these symptoms to lung cancer due to a patient’s younger age.

Recognizing the early symptoms of lung cancer, expanding lung cancer screening eligibility and testing for genetic biomarkers to select the best therapy are some of the steps that could help address the global epidemic of lung cancer in women.

References

  1. ^ older man smoking (www.statnews.com)
  2. ^ more women, never smokers and younger people (doi.org)
  3. ^ leading cause of cancer death among women (doi.org)
  4. ^ decreased by 43% for men (www.lung.org)
  5. ^ more young women than men (doi.org)
  6. ^ thoracic oncologist (doctors.umiamihealth.org)
  7. ^ different parts of the world (doi.org)
  8. ^ started smoking later than men (doi.org)
  9. ^ increased risk of a type of cancer called adenocarcinoma (www.cdc.gov)
  10. ^ more susceptible (doi.org)
  11. ^ 20% of women with lung cancer (doi.org)
  12. ^ several other lung cancer risk factors (www.cancer.org)
  13. ^ arsenic (www.cancer.org)
  14. ^ e-cigarette (www.cancer.org)
  15. ^ genetics (www.cancer.org)
  16. ^ can play (doi.org)
  17. ^ a role (doi.org)
  18. ^ BRCA1 and BRCA2 (www.cancer.gov)
  19. ^ new biomarkers (doi.org)
  20. ^ updated its lung cancer screening guidelines (www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
  21. ^ low-dose CT scan (www.cancer.org)
  22. ^ more than 70% of eligible women (doi.org)
  23. ^ less than 6% of all eligible smokers (www.lung.org)
  24. ^ increase the number of women (doi.org)
  25. ^ Atlas of Pulmonary Pathology/Flickr (flic.kr)
  26. ^ CC BY-SA (creativecommons.org)
  27. ^ targeted therapies (theconversation.com)
  28. ^ immunotherapies (www.cancer.org)
  29. ^ better lung cancer prognosis (doi.org)
  30. ^ may go unrecognized in women (www.verywellhealth.com)
  31. ^ slightly younger when diagnosed than men (doi.org)

Read more https://theconversation.com/lung-cancer-rates-have-decreased-for-the-marlboro-man-but-have-risen-steeply-for-nonsmokers-and-young-women-an-oncologist-explains-why-197581

The Times Features

Discover the Charm of a Girl's White Dress

Key Highlights Timeless elegance: White dresses feel pure and have classic charm. They are perfect for many types of events. Versatile styles: You can pick from lace, embroid...

Top Medical Grade Red Light Therapy Devices in Australia

Key Highlights Lumitter™ has advanced red light therapy devices that combine new ideas with wellness. Red light therapy helps lower pain and swelling and boosts skin health. ...

Why Regional Small Businesses in Bendigo Deserve Better Access to Finance in 2025

In the heart of regional Victoria, Bendigo has long stood as a beacon of innovation, resilience and community spirit. As we step further into 2025, the importance of nurturing sm...

Is It Time for a Deep Cleaning? Signs You Shouldn’t Ignore

Most people know they should visit the dentist for a regular check-up and cleaning every six months. But sometimes, a standard cleaning isn’t enough. When plaque and tartar build...

The Hidden Meaning Behind Popular Engagement Ring Cuts

When it comes to engagement rings, the cut of the diamond is not just about aesthetics. Each shape carries its own symbolism and significance, making it an important decision for...

Annual Health Exams in the Office: How They Can Reduce Sick Days and Healthcare Costs

Regular health check-ups, especially annual health exams in the office, can significantly impact the overall well-being of your workforce. A proactive approach to employee health...

Times Magazine

The Essential Guide to Transforming Office Spaces for Maximum Efficiency

Why Office Fitouts MatterA well-designed office can make all the difference in productivity, employee satisfaction, and client impressions. Businesses of all sizes are investing in updated office spaces to create environments that foster collaborat...

The A/B Testing Revolution: How AI Optimized Landing Pages Without Human Input

A/B testing was always integral to the web-based marketing world. Was there a button that converted better? Marketing could pit one against the other and see which option worked better. This was always through human observation, and over time, as d...

Using Countdown Timers in Email: Do They Really Increase Conversions?

In a world that's always on, where marketers are attempting to entice a subscriber and get them to convert on the same screen with one email, the power of urgency is sometimes the essential element needed. One of the most popular ways to create urg...

Types of Software Consultants

In today's technology-driven world, businesses often seek the expertise of software consultants to navigate complex software needs. There are several types of software consultants, including solution architects, project managers, and user experienc...

CWU Assistive Tech Hub is Changing Lives: Win a Free Rollator Walker This Easter!

🌟 Mobility. Independence. Community. All in One. This Easter, the CWU Assistive Tech Hub is pleased to support the Banyule community by giving away a rollator walker. The giveaway will take place during the Macleod Village Easter Egg Hunt & Ma...

"Eternal Nurture" by Cara Barilla: A Timeless Collection of Wisdom and Healing

Renowned Sydney-born author and educator Cara Barilla has released her latest book, Eternal Nurture, a profound collection of inspirational quotes designed to support mindfulness, emotional healing, and personal growth. With a deep commitment to ...

LayBy Shopping