New Zealand scored C+ for physical activity in children and teens – what’s driving this and what can be done?

C+ – that’s Aotearoa New Zealand’s overall grade in the most comprehensive global assessment of physical activity in children and adolescents^[1]. Even more worryingly, the 57 participating countries scored a D average overall.

The Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance’s Global Matrix 4.0^[2] used ten indicators related to physical activity to score countries’ performance. The findings are consistent with earlier assessments^[3] and show children and adolescents around the world are not moving enough to promote healthy growth and development.

The report’s authors say young people worldwide have formed new habits “in response to the new normal, provoked by a socially accepted screen-centric indoor living society, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, global conflicts and severe weather associated with climate change”.

Aotearoa’s grade was better than the global average because of our high rates of participation in organised sports and physical activity, where we tied for fifth place (B-), compared with a C- overall.

An indicator that scores government initiatives related to physical activity placed Aotearoa at the top of all countries, in part thanks to Ihi Aotearoa/Sport NZ’s development of a national outcomes framework^[4] and Waka Kotahi’s programme to make streets safer for people^[5], rolled out in early 2020.

A dismal D for active transport

Despite these investments, Aotearoa had one of the lowest grades for active transport (D), with only five countries performing more poorly. This is in keeping with a trend of low and declining active transport^[6] over the last decade.

Read more: NZ’s most walkable towns and cities ranked: see how your neighbourhood stacks up^[7]

Denmark and Japan topped the table for active transportation with an A-, compared with a C- average overall. Denmark noted their comprehensive networks of cycle lanes and their government’s persistent efforts to implement safe routes to school as key contributors to their success.

Research in Aotearoa with children^[8], schools^[9] and whānau/families^[10] consistently shows we need improved traffic safety to facilitate active transport. There is a dearth of connected and safe cycling infrastructure across the country, resulting in extremely low rates of biking^[11].

In earlier research^[12] we also identified safe road crossings as a priority and called for more signalised crossings and raised zebra crossings to slow traffic down. Initiatives to improve driver behaviour are also essential – speeding, inattentive driving, red-light running and failing to stop at pedestrian crossings are all common.

Other factors also come into play. School leadership^[13] and partnerships with community groups and agencies^[14] can both play an integral role in the success of initiatives that promote active transport. Ultimately, getting to and from school actively needs to be a safe and easy option.

It is worth noting that transformative changes have happened since we collated evidence for our report card, including the government’s NZ$350 million transport choices programme^[15]. But even when better active transport options are in place, it takes time for people to change how they travel^[16]. We can expect an increase in active transport to lag behind the completion of infrastructure.

Addressing inequities for adolescents

We have identified several inequities for young people^[17] in Aotearoa across all indicators.

We found striking differences for sedentary time across age groups, with the worst outcomes for rangatahi/adolescents in school years 11-13 (aged about 15-17 years). In this group, only 12% met the threshold of no more than two hours per day of recreational screen time, compared with 36% of those in school years 7-10 and 61% in years 0-6.

Read more: Kids' screen time rose by 50% during the pandemic. 3 tips for the whole family to bring it back down^[18]

This teenage group was also less likely to report being active in physical education at school or to participate in organised sport (31% and 44% respectively), compared with younger children (years 0-10) whose rates were between 64%-74% for these indicators.

Active transport was also lower, at 22%, compared with 30% of children in school years 0-6 and 34% in years 7-10. Unsurprisingly, overall physical activity was also lower for those in school years 11-13, at 47% (C-), compared with around 60% for their younger counterparts.

Considering physical inactivity tracks from adolescence into adulthood^[19], we urgently need effective mechanisms to facilitate activity in ways that work for adolescents.

It is likely the shift away from compulsory physical education from year 11 has a significant impact on school-based activity. Physical education and organised sports can also be unwelcoming and unsafe spaces for many young people, particularly if they don’t fit the norm, for example around athleticism^[20] and gender^[21], (dis)ability^[22] and body size^[23].

Adolescents are a diverse group with numerous competing priorities, notwithstanding the significant impact of transitioning through this life stage in the context of climate change and a global pandemic. Providing a range of safe and welcoming opportunities for physical activity that meet young peoples’ needs is essential.

References

1. ^{^} physical activity in children and adolescents (journals.humankinetics.com)
2. ^{^} Global Matrix 4.0 (www.activehealthykids.org)
3. ^{^} consistent with earlier assessments (doi.org)
4. ^{^} national outcomes framework (sportnz.org.nz)
5. ^{^} make streets safer for people (www.nzta.govt.nz)
6. ^{^} low and declining active transport (www.sciencedirect.com)
7. ^{^} NZ’s most walkable towns and cities ranked: see how your neighbourhood stacks up (theconversation.com)
8. ^{^} children (www.tandfonline.com)
9. ^{^} schools (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
10. ^{^} whānau/families (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
11. ^{^} extremely low rates of biking (www.transport.govt.nz)
12. ^{^} research (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
13. ^{^} School leadership (www.sciencedirect.com)
14. ^{^} partnerships with community groups and agencies (www.sciencedirect.com)
15. ^{^} transport choices programme (www.beehive.govt.nz)
16. ^{^} change how they travel (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
17. ^{^} inequities for young people (authors.elsevier.com)
18. ^{^} Kids' screen time rose by 50% during the pandemic. 3 tips for the whole family to bring it back down (theconversation.com)
19. ^{^} tracks from adolescence into adulthood (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
20. ^{^} athleticism (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
21. ^{^} gender (www.cambridge.org)
22. ^{^} (dis)ability (www.tandfonline.com)
23. ^{^} body size (journals.humankinetics.com)