As Russia and Ukraine trade blame for prisoner-of-war deaths, what becomes of the Geneva Convention?
- Written by Alexander Gillespie, Professor of Law, University of Waikato
The deaths of more than 50 Ukrainian prisoners of war last week is not only an apparent war crime[1], but also another sign the situation is becoming a race to the bottom when it comes to international law and conventions.
Ukraine and Russia have blamed each other for the attack on the prison in Russian-occupied Donetsk. Ukraine also claims[2] prisoners were being tortured and murdered there. Russia’s British embassy later posted on Twitter[3] that Ukrainian Azov battalion soldiers deserved a “humiliating death” by hanging.
But amid the accusations[4] and counter-accusations[5] of atrocities being committed against prisoners of war, some simple facts are easily overlooked: rules already exist to prevent such horrors, and they apply in Ukraine.
Prisoners of war are explicitly covered by the Third Geneva Convention[6], drawn up in 1949 to replace the old Prisoners of War Convention of 1929 after the awful lessons of the second world war.
Both Russia and Ukraine are signatories, meaning they have promised to respect[7] it in all circumstances. It’s important to note this is not the protocol of the Geneva Conventions Russian President Vladimir Putin recently quit[8].
Fog of war
Restraint during a war isn’t easy, but it is essential nonetheless. As well as respecting basic humanity and honour, the rules – which have operated for over 100 years – help combatants build the confidence to eventually find peace.
In the sense that it helps avoid escalating revenge and reprisal for attacks against the defenceless, respect for prisoners of war is also a pragmatic act of self-interest.
Adherence in Ukraine to the fundamental conditions of the Geneva Convention has been hard to gauge, however. Apart from occasional exchanges[9] of prisoners of war, exactly how many prisoners have been taken by each side, and where they are held, remains largely unknown[10].
Read more: Russia says peace in Ukraine will be ‘on our terms’ – but what can the West accept and at what cost?[11]
While the Red Cross has been able to visit some POWs and other detainees, it has not been granted access[12] to visit them all. The problem is compounded by claims that some combatants taken on the battlefield are mercenaries[13] and therefore do not count as prisoners of war, meaning they may be executed.
Further complicating things is that both sides are promising to put prisoners on trial for war crimes. With Russia holding over 1,100[14] Ukrainian prisoners and Ukraine making over 15,000 allegations of war crimes[15], both parties need to publicly re-pledge to the Geneva Convention on prisoners of war before things escalate.
Rights of the prisoner
The basic rules governing the treatment of prisoners of war are simple enough to state:
they must be taken prisoner if they surrender unconditionally[16], cannot be executed if they have stopped fighting, and must not be subjected to reprisals, mutilation or torture
they may be questioned[17] (name, rank and serial number) but must be humanely treated[18] and protected against acts of violence or intimidation, and against insults and public curiosity
they must be evacuated as soon as possible after capture to a safe area outside the combat zone[19], and can’t be used or positioned to deter military operations by their own side
the location of prisoner-of-war camps should be shared[20], and the camps clearly marked to be visible from the air, so they are not bombed by mistake
prisoners’ whereabouts should be shared via a central tracing agency[21], and they must be allowed to send and receive letters.
Read more: Ukraine crisis: how do small states like New Zealand respond in an increasingly lawless world?[22]
Beyond these rules, representatives from third-party countries or the Red Cross[23] should be permitted to visit and interview (without witnesses) prisoners and their legal representatives.
And any disputes about the application of the convention rules should be resolved through an enquiry[24] by an independent third party.
War trial risks
It’s the handling of war trials in particular that requires most restraint. Although prisoners cannot be tried simply for fighting against their enemy, the Geneva Convention allows trials for grave breaches[25] of the laws of war (such as murder or torture) – and even the death penalty[26] if the domestic law of the detaining power includes it.
And despite judicial safeguards[27] relating to fairness and the rights and means of legal defence[28], there is still the risk of a tit-for-tat process: one side finds a prisoner guilty, the other side responds in kind.
Read more: Russia's blockade could cause mass famine beyond Ukraine – but it’s a crime without a name[29]
The best way through this is to allow the International Criminal Court (already pursuing its own investigations[30] into the situation in Ukraine) to take the lead, giving the process real independence and integrity.
Trouble is, Russia has withdrawn[31] from the International Criminal Court – just another measure of how far the observation of the laws of war has been eroded in Ukraine.
References
- ^ apparent war crime (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ Ukraine also claims (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ posted on Twitter (www.bbc.com)
- ^ accusations (edition.cnn.com)
- ^ counter-accusations (theworld.org)
- ^ Third Geneva Convention (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ promised to respect (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ recently quit (www.reuters.com)
- ^ occasional exchanges (www.reuters.com)
- ^ remains largely unknown (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ Russia says peace in Ukraine will be ‘on our terms’ – but what can the West accept and at what cost? (theconversation.com)
- ^ not been granted access (www.icrc.org)
- ^ mercenaries (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ over 1,100 (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ over 15,000 allegations of war crimes (www.bbc.com)
- ^ surrender unconditionally (www.cambridge.org)
- ^ questioned (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ humanely treated (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ outside the combat zone (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ should be shared (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ central tracing agency (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ Ukraine crisis: how do small states like New Zealand respond in an increasingly lawless world? (theconversation.com)
- ^ Red Cross (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ enquiry (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ grave breaches (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ death penalty (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ judicial safeguards (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ legal defence (ihl-databases.icrc.org)
- ^ Russia's blockade could cause mass famine beyond Ukraine – but it’s a crime without a name (theconversation.com)
- ^ pursuing its own investigations (www.icc-cpi.int)
- ^ Russia has withdrawn (www.bbc.com)
