Australia’s response to COVID in the first 2 years was one of the best in the world. Why do we rank so poorly now?
- Written by: Michael Toole, Associate Principal Research Fellow, Burnet Institute
Australia’s elimination strategy during the first two years of the COVID pandemic was one of the most effective in the world. Through a combination of early border closures, widespread testing and meticulous contact tracing, localised lockdowns and mask mandates, the number of reported cases was kept to around 28,000 in 2020[1].
This compared with 805,000 in 2020 in the Netherlands[2], which has a population nine million fewer than Australia.
In 2021, Australia recorded 402,000 cases. The increase was largely due to the Delta outbreak in the second half of the year.
Fast forward to mid-2022, when Australia has leapt in rank to 15th[3] in the world for total cases over the course of the pandemic – well ahead of countries with a similar population, such as Taiwan and Chile, and larger countries, such as Canada, Mexico and Iran.
The situation has changed dramatically this year. While Australia has reported[4] 9,225,519 cases since early 2020, 96% have been this year. This has led to Australia’s global ranking of cases, hospitalisations and deaths being among the highest in the world.
Australia’s cases, hospitalisations and deaths
The seven-day average of new daily cases is currently just under 47,000, which is lower than the peak of 103,000 in mid-January.
Somewhat surprisingly, the number of COVID patients in hospital[5] (5,359) is the highest[6] since the pandemic began.
However, the number of infected persons admitted to an ICU is well below[7] the January peak.
This may be due to higher vaccination rates than at the beginning of the year and the availability of antiviral drugs, resulting in fewer hospital cases with very severe illness. Though it’s worth noting aged care residents have been highly affected[8] and many never made it to ICU despite severe illness.
Why is the ratio of cases to hospitalisations so high?
It’s possible that case numbers have been underestimated. A recent Conversation[9] piece provided a number of reasons why this might be the case.
Read more: COVID hospitalisations and deaths are rising faster than cases – but that doesn't mean more severe disease[10]
It’s also possible that BA.5 is more virulent than its Omicron predecessors, perhaps because it targets the lungs[11], or simply because it is more distantly related to ancestral SARS-Cov-2 and so better at immune escape than its predecessors. This might explain the high number of deaths in residential aged care facilities.
Whatever the reason, it is not unique to Australia. In Portugal, a third dose booster was associated with a 93% reduction in hospitalisation for BA.2 infections compared with just a 77% reduction for BA.5. This is equivalent to three times[12] the risk of hospitalisation with BA.5 than BA.2.
The seven-day average of daily deaths (72) has doubled[13] since mid-May.
Recent data from Victoria[14] revealed those who had not received a third vaccine dose made up 72% of those who died with, or due to, COVID.
Boosters may not prevent infection but they are essential to prevent severe illness and death, especially among the elderly. And they may reduce[15] the incidence of long COVID.
Read more: Triple vaccination seems to reduce the chance of long COVID – but we still need to prepare for a jump in cases[16]
How does Australia rank globally?
Over the past week, Australia has ranked second in the world[17] for reported cases per million, behind Brunei and ahead of New Zealand, Singapore and South Korea, excluding small island states.
Johns Hopkins University CSSE COVID-19 Data, CC BY[23][24]
Why does Australia rank so poorly on key COVID indicators?
Low population immunity
It’s tempting to explain the current COVID situation in Australia by the relatively low exposure to the virus by the population in the first two years of the pandemic.
A study of SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID) antibodies by the United Kingdom Office for National Statistics[25] found 71% of people in England had been infected by the end of February 2022.
A similar study[26] in the United States found 58% of Americans had been infected during the same period.
By contrast, a study[27] by the Kirby Institute found just 17% of Australians had been infected by the virus up until the end of February. A more recent survey in June[28] found that this figure had jumped to 46% but it’s still lower than the US and UK.
While low population immunity may partially explain the Omicron wave in Australia in January 2022, it doesn’t explain the spike in July by Omicron sub-variants that have been shown to evade[29] the immunity acquired from previous infections.
Read more:
How soon can I get COVID again? Experts now say 28 days – but you can protect yourself[30]
Seasonal effects
It’s difficult to interpret the impact of climate on COVID. Large waves occurred during the summer of 2021 in the United States and huge outbreaks occurred during the hot season in India and Japan. Australia’s largest wave occurred in the summer of 2022.
Right now, it’s summer in the northern hemisphere and winter here. That may partially explain the high case rates in Australia and New Zealand but not in Brunei, South Korea and Singapore.
Low vaccine booster rate
Just over 70% of eligible Australians have received a third dose[31] of a COVID vaccine. This leaves around 5.7 million adult Australians unprotected against the Omicron variant.
When measured as a proportion of the entire population, Australia’s third dose booster rate ranks 35th[32] in the world.
But this doesn’t explain the high case rates in South Korea, Singapore and New Zealand, which all have much higher booster rates than Australia.
Masks and other measures
A review of mask mandates[33] reveals very little difference between Australia and the rest of the world.
Most countries still mandate masks on public transport and health care and aged care facilities, while universal mask mandates remain in China and in some indoor settings in South Korea.
It is difficult to find reliable data on compliance. However, anecdotally, mask compliance is much higher in countries like Japan and Italy than Australia.
No one reason for Australia’s poor ranking
It’s hard to identify a single reason why Australia’s key COVID indicators rank so poorly. It’s probably a combination of low population immunity via a combination of low vaccine booster rates and less natural exposure than other countries (noting that less infection is a very good thing overall), and the relaxation of almost all mitigation measures and seasonal factors.
However, overall it reflects the narrative by political leaders since the beginning of the year that the pandemic is in the past tense. That has profoundly affected the attitudes and behaviours of the public.
Read more:
Do we care enough about COVID?[34]
Given the current effective reproductive rate is a little over 1, it just needs to get below 1 to halt the spread of the virus.
Increased booster rates, indoor mask mandates and provision, a greater focus on testing and isolating and an investment in improved ventilation would take us through this wave to a more secure health and economic situation. We need stronger leadership to get us there.
References^ 28,000 in 2020 (www.worldometers.info)^ the Netherlands (www.worldometers.info)^ 15th (www.worldometers.info)^ reported (www.worldometers.info)^ patients in hospital (covidlive.com.au)^ highest (www.covid19data.com.au)^ well below (www.covid19data.com.au)^ highly affected (www.sbs.com.au)^ Conversation (theconversation.com)^ COVID hospitalisations and deaths are rising faster than cases – but that doesn't mean more severe disease (theconversation.com)^ targets the lungs (www.business-standard.com)^ three times (www.medrxiv.org)^ doubled (www.worldometers.info)^ Victoria (www.abc.net.au)^ reduce (www.nature.com)^ Triple vaccination seems to reduce the chance of long COVID – but we still need to prepare for a jump in cases (theconversation.com)^ ranked second in the world (www.worldometers.info)^ Johns Hopkins University CSSE COVID-19 Data (ourworldindata.org)^ CC BY (creativecommons.org)^ hospitalisation rate (ourworldindata.org)^ We're two frontline COVID doctors. Here's what we see as case numbers rise (theconversation.com)^ deaths per capita (www.worldometers.info)^ Johns Hopkins University CSSE COVID-19 Data (ourworldindata.org)^ CC BY (creativecommons.org)^ United Kingdom Office for National Statistics (www.theguardian.com)^ similar study (www.webmd.com)^ study (kirby.unsw.edu.au)^ survey in June (www.abc.net.au)^ evade (www.nejm.org)^ How soon can I get COVID again? Experts now say 28 days – but you can protect yourself (theconversation.com)^ received a third dose (www.health.gov.au)^ ranks 35th (www.nytimes.com)^ mask mandates (worldpopulationreview.com)^ Do we care enough about COVID? (theconversation.com)
