University journalism courses need to teach about cultural safety before students enter the workforce

Content warning: this article contains mentions of racial discrimination against First Nations people.

The ABC recently apologised to staff^[1] for racism and cultural insensitivity in its newsrooms. This came after Indigenous and culturally and linguistically diverse ABC staff told an internal group they felt unwelcome in their workplace, their ideas were not being listened to and they received online abuse from the public.

Unfortunately these issues are not unique to the ABC and exist at other media outlets^[2] and newsrooms^[3].

We also know media organisations can produce content that is racist or hostile towards First Nations people. Decades of research show^[4], with few exceptions^[5], many mainstream Australian media organisations have unfairly reported on First Nations Peoples over the years, and continue to do so.

This reporting has included racist cartoons^[6], prejudiced stereotypes^[7], questions of cultural identity^[8] and portrayals of First Nations people as either violent or victimised^[9].

Racist and inappropriate portrayals of First Nations people can also make newsrooms and other media outlets unsafe places to work for Indigenous journalists, as well as influencing how First Nations issues are covered and thought about.

But it doesn’t have to be this way. Australians working in media can improve their cultural competency during their university education. This way, they can enter and contribute to workplaces prepared to ethically and respectfully interact with and report on stories outside their own cultures.

However, our new study^[10] shows many Australian universities with journalism programs have significant work to do in including cultural safety in their curricula.

Read more: Media inclusion of Indigenous peoples is increasing but there is still room for improvement^[11]

Australia needs cultural safety in its newsrooms

Journalists can help shape national conversations and can influence audiences’ attitudes through how they choose to report. That’s why it’s critical for these journalists to be culturally safe in how they communicate about communities and individuals outside their own culture.

Cultural safety^[13] aims to create a space where “there is no assault, challenge or denial of” Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s identities and experiences.

It is built through non-Indigenous people deeply listening^[14] to First Nations perspectives. It means sharing power and resources in a way that supports Indigenous self determination^[15] and empowerment. It also requires non-Indigenous people address unconscious biases, racism and discrimination in and outside the workplace.

First Nations groups and high-level institutions have been calling for more expertise and training in this area for decades.

The 1991 Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody report^[16] called for journalism education to consider

in consultation with media industry and media unions, the creation of specific units of study dedicated to Aboriginal affairs and the reporting thereof.

The National Congress of Australia’s First Peoples notes^[17] Australian news outlets too often spread “myths and ill-informed or false stereotypes about Australia’s First Peoples, which in turn influence public opinion in unfavourable ways.”

This racism creates^[18]

a debilitating individual impact on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, devaluing their cultural pride and identity and having adverse impacts on their physical and mental health.

In 2009 The National Indigenous Higher Education Network recommended^[19] universities “systematically embed Indigenous perspectives in curriculum”.

In 2011, Universities Australia issued an expectation^[20] that “all graduates of Australian universities will have the knowledge and skills necessary to interact in a culturally competent way with Indigenous communities”.

Read more: First Nations kids make up about 20% of missing children, but get a fraction of the media coverage^[21]

Our study

In our study^[22], we reviewed in 2021 more than 100 media/journalism assessments from a sample of more than 10% of Australian universities with journalism programs. We found only one had an explicit focus on an Indigenous topic. Our interviews with 17 journalism students revealed how absent or minimal their education on Indigenous affairs has been.

In the words of a second-year university student:

There is definitely more that should be done because stories and issues concerning Indigenous people is, like, such a big topic. And it would be very useful for people becoming journalists to understand their role in communication and storytelling and the influence their words have on the public perception of Indigenous peoples as well.

The students we interviewed largely expressed desire for more training on Indigenous affairs in Australia. They stated this would help them achieve confidence in reporting on First Nations Peoples in respectful and culturally safe ways.

The students also thought their universities could integrate Indigenous content and perspectives in a more sustained and concentrated way. “It can’t just be that one week we talk about racism,” according to a third-year university student. More education on Indigenous affairs would also benefit First Nations students. One Indigenous participant from our study stated:

Even just having some more Indigenous journalists come through, you can talk to them, find out what it’s really like for them being like a black sheep, essentially, from a very white-dominated industry. I think that there’s a need to be able to put more perspectives and Indigenous knowledges in education in there.

Read more: For an Indigenous perspective on 'Australia Day', here's a quick guide to First Nations media platforms^[23]

Journalism training needs to include cultural safety

A possible solution could be increasing First Nations journalists in Australian newsrooms. However, the burnout rate for these journalists is high due to toxic^[24] workplace conditions. This contributes to the low proportion of Indigenous journalists in Australia.

Universities need to provide their staff and students with time and resources to thoughtfully consider how to work with and report on First Nations Peoples. This would allow for a more culturally safe way of working. This could also provide a safer space for Indigenous people wanting to pursue a role in journalism. It could hopefully address the burnout of these journalists when they join the media workforce.

The integrity of our media system and the way our nation engages with Indigenous affairs depend on it.

References

1. ^{^} apologised to staff (www.abc.net.au)
2. ^{^} outlets (www.broadagenda.com.au)
3. ^{^} newsrooms (www.abc.net.au)
4. ^{^} show (www.google.com)
5. ^{^} exceptions (www.tandfonline.com)
6. ^{^} racist cartoons (www.abc.net.au)
7. ^{^} stereotypes (www.google.com)
8. ^{^} cultural identity (www.theage.com.au)
9. ^{^} violent or victimised (theconversation.com)
10. ^{^} study (www.google.com)
11. ^{^} Media inclusion of Indigenous peoples is increasing but there is still room for improvement (theconversation.com)
12. ^{^} Dan Peled/AAP Image (photos.aap.com.au)
13. ^{^} Cultural safety (www.health.vic.gov.au)
14. ^{^} deeply listening (www.vacca.org)
15. ^{^} self determination (humanrights.gov.au)
16. ^{^} report (apo.org.au)
17. ^{^} notes (humanrights.gov.au)
18. ^{^} creates (humanrights.gov.au)
19. ^{^} recommended (www.humanrights.gov.au)
20. ^{^} expectation (www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au)
21. ^{^} First Nations kids make up about 20% of missing children, but get a fraction of the media coverage (theconversation.com)
22. ^{^} study (www.ingentaconnect.com)
23. ^{^} For an Indigenous perspective on 'Australia Day', here's a quick guide to First Nations media platforms (theconversation.com)
24. ^{^} toxic (gijn.org)