Shakespeare's Hamlet, the Everest of literature
- Written by: Dr Jamie Q Roberts, Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, University of Sydney
Although I’m wary of declaring any literary work to be the greatest ever, Shakespeare’s Hamlet would be a frontrunner. It’s often proclaimed to be or voted Shakespeare’s best play (Google it). It has countless film adaptations, is widely referenced, and even gets a homage of sorts in The Simpsons[1].
Hamlet deserves such accolades because it offers the deepest of insights into the human condition; although this insight can be a little tricky to explain.
Let’s consider some of Shakespeare’s other popular, serious plays. Romeo and Juliet is a tale of forbidden love – the cliché drops effortlessly. Othello is about the horrors of jealousy. And Macbeth, with its Tarantino-grade account of regicide and its grim consequences, explores the dark side of ambition. So what about Hamlet?
Hamlet and his Father’s Ghost, William Blake, 1806.
British Museum
But the ever more troubled prince is uncertain whether the ghost even spoke the truth. He gains proof when he asks a troupe of actors to reenact the poisoning before Claudius and Claudius reacts strongly.
Now Hamlet really must avenge his father. The opportunity arises when, on his way to meet his mother, he comes upon Claudius praying. But Hamlet is beset by doubts and cannot kill Claudius.
Hamlet goes on to confront his mother about her hasty marriage. While arguing with her, he stabs Polonius (the father of Ophelia, the woman he has been courting), who had been planted behind a curtain to spy on him.
Polonius’s son Laertes wants to avenge his father. He, unlike Hamlet, is willing to act.
Claudius, who now also wants Hamlet dead, arranges for Laertes to fight a duel with Hamlet with a poisoned rapier. They fight. Hamlet is cut by the rapier, and then Laertes is too. Meanwhile Hamlet’s mother accidentally consumes a poisoned drink intended for her son and dies.
Hamlet learns the truth of what has happened. He stabs Claudius, making him drink the poison too. Claudius dies, then Laertes dies, then finally, Hamlet dies. (South Park[3] efficiently represents the final scene).
To be or not to be – or maybe not
I had expected to illustrate Hamlet’s struggle to act with an analysis of the most famous speech in all of Shakespeare: ‘To be, or not to be[4]’ (Act III Scene I). It begins with these oft-quoted lines:
To be, or not to be, that is the question:Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles
But now I’m not so sure it’s a good idea. “To be, or not to be” is ambiguous[5]. Also, Hamlet probably knows he is being watched by the king or others[6] while he is speaking, and thus is not really speaking his mind.
Arguably, Hamlet’s definitive speech in the play comes just before this one, at the end of Act II. In this red-blooded soliloquy, he berates himself for his inaction, asking, “am I a coward?” and reflects that he lacks the gall, “To make oppression bitter”.
He says, ‘I should have fatted all the region kites / With this slave’s offal’; i.e. murdered Claudius and fed his guts to the carrion eaters.
He also mocks his proclivity to seek solace in words:
Why, what an ass am I! Ay, sure, this is most brave;That I, the son of a dear father murder’d,Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, Must, like a whore, unpack my heart with my words…
The refusal of the call to adventure
Shakespeare’s play is notable because it tells of one who, to draw on Joseph Campbell’s enduring concept of the “hero’s journey[7]”, refuses “the call to adventure”.
So many of the stories we consume involve some sort of heroic quest where a reluctant hero accepts this call. Observe Frodo in Lord of the Rings[8] or Luke Skywalker’s ambivalence around the call[9] in Star Wars. Both heroes end up defeating evil. And while they are changed by the experience (not entirely for the better), one senses that refusing the call would have led to worse outcomes.
Hamlet’s inaction – his refusal of the call – directly or indirectly causes eight deaths, including his own. If he had acted, then probably only Claudius would have died.
Laurence Olivier as Hamlet in the 1948 film version.
Two Cities Films
The moral of the story is that there is risk in action, but the greater risk lies in inaction. In short, action, in bad situations, is the lesser of two evils.
But maybe this isn’t the moral. Maybe the play is not exhorting the audience to act, but asking a deeper question. Namely, what does it mean for us to cross the threshold that separates reason from power? That is, what does it mean for us to abandon reason and strike back at the monster?
Reason appeals to principles. It appeals to the capacity for reason in others. It doesn’t take the law into its own hands. But what if it is sometimes reasonable to abandon reason and strike at power with power? Can reason survive such a decision?
Read more:
Guide to the classics: Shakespeare’s sonnets — an honest account of love and a surprising portal to the man himself[10]
The endless appeal of Hamlet
Hamlet is not only successful because Hamlet himself embodies our own struggles. Hamlet is also staggeringly quotable – the quip[11] is that there are too many quotations in it.
The play’s appeal also lies in the depth of the secondary characters, such as Ophelia, Polonius and the inseparable Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (Hamlet’s friends from university).
Kate Winslet as Ophelia in the 1996 film adaptation.
Castle Rock Entertainment, Turner Pictures, Fishmonger Films
And the play is seductively enigmatic. We are unsure whether Hamlet’s mother was in on the murder of the old king, whether Polonius is indeed a fool, whether Hamlet loses his mind, and so on. Where there are mysteries, there are detectives.
Hamlet turns up everywhere in Western culture – not just in The Simpsons and South Park.
Given all the trouble Hamlet has with his father and mother, it’s not surprising that Freud saw something Oedipal[12] in the whole business.
Ophelia, who suffers the double tragedy of her own demise and being less discussed than Hamlet despite having a compelling struggle and brilliant lines (“we know what we are, but / know not what we may be”), is referenced in Eliot’s The Waste Land[13]. Her words, “Good night, ladies; good night, sweet ladies;
good night, good night” provide a foreboding conclusion to the ghastly pub scene in Part II of Eliot’s poem.
And for the Star Wars fans (one Star Wars reference is never enough), Chewbacca has his own “Alas, poor Yorick” moment when he is reassembling C3P0[14] in Empire Strikes Back (Yorick was a jester who entertained Hamlet when Hamlet was a boy).
Compare this with Kenneth Branagh’s version[15].
Memento mori
All this said, and with Yorick in mind, what stands out most for me in Hamlet is the dark and beautiful graveyard scene at the beginning of Act V.
Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet in 1899.
Wikimedia Commons
Polonius is dead. Ophelia, whom Hamlet probably loved, is dead. The bloody final sequence is nigh.
And the play pauses.
Two gravediggers have a wry debate about whether or not Ophelia committed suicide as they are digging her grave. It’s a moment of blackest comedy.
The gravediggers unearth Yorick’s skull. After Hamlet’s “Alas, poor Yorick! – I knew him”, Hamlet reflects that the most famous people, such as Alexander the Great and the Roman emperor Caesar, ended up no different to Yorick.
Imperious Caesar, dead and turned to clayMight stop a hole to keep the wind away.Oh, that that earth, which kept the world in awe,Should patch a wall to expel the winter’s flaw!
Despite exploring the most serious aspects of the human condition, Shakespeare, with this memento mori[16], seems to be reminding us that existence has something of the cosmic joke about it. This is reminiscent of the ending of Life of Brian[17]. Roll the credits.
References^ The Simpsons (www.youtube.com)^ Guide to the classics: Homer's Iliad (theconversation.com)^ South Park (www.youtube.com)^ To be, or not to be (www.poetryfoundation.org)^ ambiguous (www.jstor.org)^ Hamlet probably knows he is being watched by the king or others (www.shakespearemagazine.com)^ hero’s journey (en.wikipedia.org)^ Lord of the Rings (www.youtube.com)^ the call (www.youtube.com)^ Guide to the classics: Shakespeare’s sonnets — an honest account of love and a surprising portal to the man himself (theconversation.com)^ the quip (interestingliterature.com)^ Freud saw something Oedipal (en.wikipedia.org)^ The Waste Land (www.poetryfoundation.org)^ reassembling C3P0 (www.youtube.com)^ Kenneth Branagh’s version (www.youtube.com)^ memento mori (en.wikipedia.org)^ Life of Brian (www.youtube.com)
