The science and law are clear — it’s time for NZ to turn down the travel tap from high-risk countries

Despite a recent best-in-the-world ranking^[1] for its handling of COVID-19^[2], New Zealand remains at risk as the pandemic intensifies globally. With more infectious variants of the virus emerging^[3], there are many persisting concerns.

In particular, the number of infected people entering managed isolation and quarantine (MIQ) facilities at the border is increasing. This pressure contributes to the risk of border failures, which are now regular^[4].

There have been at least nine since August 2020, including the most recent issues with the Pullman Hotel^[5] in Auckland.

We argue the time has come to “turn down the tap” of infected travellers coming from so-called “red zone” countries where the pandemic is out of control. We have already advocated for a traffic light system^[6] to achieve this.

One option is to reduce the risk of infected travellers getting on flights by using brief pre-departure quarantine and COVID-19 testing in carefully designed ways.

For example, an additional low-cost, rapid antigen test prior to boarding, plus clear instructions to passengers about the need for a period of pre-travel self-quarantine to reduce their risk of infection, could be a prerequisite.

Tighter measures available

A more intensive approach could require all red zone travellers to undergo pre-flight quarantine for five days in an approved airport hotel facility, with daily rapid (saliva) testing by New Zealand-certified officials.

The logistics of this could be simplified by having these approved airport hotel facilities located at specific travel hubs — for example, London, Hawaii and Singapore.

Read more: COVID-19: Northland case is a reminder NZ's 'dumb good luck' may run out^[7]

Another possibility is simply to further limit the bookings in MIQ facilities available to travellers from red zone countries — say, down to 500 travellers a month — to make the situation more manageable.

Australia has recently reduced the cap^[8] on incoming travellers. The New Zealand government could also temporarily suspend approval for any flights originating in red zone countries.

Benefits from limiting red zone arrivals

Of course, political decision-makers need to consider the immediate well-being of travellers coming from red zone countries (150 to 250 people per day on average).

Some are returning for compelling reasons: they have a health condition and genuinely fear dying in the pandemic, they are coming home to care for a sick relative, or they have lost a job overseas and lack financial support.

But these important considerations will apply to a relatively small number of individuals. They do not outweigh the far greater duty to the rest of New Zealand’s citizens to keep the country COVID-free.

The greater good

Turning down the tap is important for maintaining COVID-19 elimination, providing multiple benefits^[9]:

1. Protection from illness and death from COVID-19 outbreaks. Although the outbreak in Victoria, Australia, was eventually controlled, there were still more than 800 deaths. There are also concerning reports of debilitating ongoing symptoms being a feature of COVID-19 infection, and “long COVID” may become a huge public health problem^[10].

2. Protection from the psychological stress, economic disruption and other hardship caused by lockdowns. For example, Auckland Council’s chief economist estimated^[11] the cost of level 3 lockdown at 250 jobs and $NZ60-75 million in GDP each day.

3. Protection from greater inequalities from outbreaks that hit communities with higher background rates^[12] of chronic disease (Māori, Pacific, low-income New Zealanders), as seen in past pandemics. A recent study^[13] estimated those existing inequalities could double the risk of death for Māori and Pasifika compared with NZ Europeans. Indeed, Māori leaders are already calling for reduced traveller numbers^[14].

Read more: NZ needs an evolving pandemic strategy if it's to keep the public's trust^[15]

Health authorities have a specific duty of care to protect workers in MIQ facilities from infection. While personal protective equipment (PPE) is provided, we know failures can still occur despite workers using it^[16].

There is a case to be made that health authorities are currently not adequately meeting their duty of care by permitting large numbers of infected people to pass through these MIQ facilities.

No legal obstacles

Legal experts have considered the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990^[17], the Immigration Act 2009^[18] and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (OHCHR^[19], to which New Zealand is a signatory) and confirmed the government can legally set conditions^[20] on returning NZ citizens — as is already being done.

Read more: If border restrictions increase to combat new COVID-19 strains, what rights do returning New Zealanders have?^[21]

There have been no successful legal challenges to New Zealand’s current quarantine requirements, or in Australia with its even tighter systems. Those requirements can logically be extended to include pre-flight quarantine^[22] and testing, and further limiting MIQ bookings to make border control safer and more manageable.

The claim that citizens are rendered “stateless” by such measures is a myth.

In summary, the risk of COVID-19 border control failures appears to be increasing. Action is needed to reduce the proportion of infected people boarding flights, or reducing travel from high-risk countries, or both.

There is no legal case against turning down the tap, provided it is clear such measures are time-limited and not absolute.

References

1. ^{^} best-in-the-world ranking (interactives.lowyinstitute.org)
2. ^{^} handling of COVID-19 (www.bmj.com)
3. ^{^} emerging (www.nature.com)
4. ^{^} now regular (blogs.otago.ac.nz)
5. ^{^} Pullman Hotel (www.stuff.co.nz)
6. ^{^} traffic light system (theconversation.com)
7. ^{^} COVID-19: Northland case is a reminder NZ's 'dumb good luck' may run out (theconversation.com)
8. ^{^} reduced the cap (www.abc.net.au)
9. ^{^} multiple benefits (www.theguardian.com)
10. ^{^} huge public health problem (www.thelancet.com)
11. ^{^} estimated (www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz)
12. ^{^} higher background rates (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
13. ^{^} recent study (www.nzma.org.nz)
14. ^{^} calling for reduced traveller numbers (www.rnz.co.nz)
15. ^{^} NZ needs an evolving pandemic strategy if it's to keep the public's trust (theconversation.com)
16. ^{^} despite workers using it (www.rnz.co.nz)
17. ^{^} New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (www.legislation.govt.nz)
18. ^{^} Immigration Act 2009 (www.legislation.govt.nz)
19. ^{^} OHCHR (www.ohchr.org)
20. ^{^} legally set conditions (blogs.otago.ac.nz)
21. ^{^} If border restrictions increase to combat new COVID-19 strains, what rights do returning New Zealanders have? (theconversation.com)
22. ^{^} pre-flight quarantine (www.stuff.co.nz)