The Times Australia

The Times World News
The Times

Nuclear energy creates the most dangerous form of radioactive waste. Where does Peter Dutton plan to put it?

  • Written by Rosemary Hill, Adjunct Professor, James Cook University
sign which says 'warning: nuclear waste'

Opposition Leader Peter Dutton’s pledge to build seven nuclear energy plants, if elected, has triggered heated political debate – mostly about the costs and timetable of the plan. But the concept of nuclear energy in Australia must overcome an arguably even bigger hurdle: how to dispose of high-level nuclear waste.

Nuclear power is only a viable alternative to fossil fuel burning if there is somewhere to store the waste – and only if this can be done safely, without exorbitant cost and with community support.

A CSIRO analysis[1] last month showed there is no economic argument for nuclear energy in Australia, even without considering the substantial cost of waste disposal and storage. Include waste in the maths, and the Coalition’s proposal looks a whole lot worse.

What’s more, nuclear power stations produce high-level radioactive waste. It is dangerous for hundreds of thousands of years — and so far, the world has failed to deliver a safe, permanent storage method. Is this a problem Australia really wants to take on?

Two men and a woman on podium
Opposition leader Peter Dutton’s pledge to build seven nuclear energy plants has triggered heated political debate. Bianca Di Marche/AAP

What is high-level nuclear waste?

Nuclear reactors work by using fission, or the splitting of uranium atoms, to produce energy. Once the uranium has been used to produce energy it is considered “spent”. Spent fuel can either be disposed of or reprocessed[2] to recover and reuse some of its contents, such as plutonium[3]. Both spent and reprocessed nuclear fuel must eventually be disposed of.

Nuclear waste is classed according to how much radiation it emits – either low, intermediate or high. Nuclear power plants produce[4] high-level waste, which is radioactive for a very long time.

Negative health effects in humans from exposure to high-level radiation include birth defects[5], impaired tissue and organ functioning, and increased risk of cancer[6].

Nuclear waste only becomes safe after it decays. For high-level waste, this can take hundreds of thousands of years[7]. That means the waste must be disposed of and stored for a very, very long time.

sign which says 'warning: nuclear waste'
High-level nuclear waste can remain hazardous for thousands of centuries. Shutterstock

How is high-level nuclear waste currently stored?

No permanent and safe storage for high-level nuclear waste is yet in operation.

The current temporary options are either “wet” or “dry” storage. Wet storage[8] entails putting the waste in a pond and covering it with several metres of water to keep it cool. Dry storage[9] involves putting the waste in containers made of concrete and steel.

These options are not a long-term solution. They are vulnerable to corrosion[10] as well as natural disasters such as cyclones, tsunamis, earthquakes, fires and floods.

There are also risks from human-induced hazards such as war, terrorist attack, arson and accidents. For example, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has threatened the safety of Ukrainian nuclear facilities such as the Zaporizhzhya plant[11], where spent nuclear fuel rods are reportedly kept[12] in metal casks inside concrete containers in an open-air yard.

nuclear power station
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has threatened the safety of nuclear facilities such as the Zaporizhzhya plant. RUSSIAN EMERGENCIES MINISTRY HANDOUT/EPA

Can we put it underground?

Each reactor – even the small ones[13] – will produce several tonnes[14] of high-level waste each year – far more than the Coke can-sized amount of waste Dutton claims. The Coalition says[15] it would find a permanent solution for storing nuclear waste from the plants. This is easier said than done.

The only permanent storage solution on the cards around the world is to place it in a “deep geological repository”. This involves encasing the waste and lowering it into a chamber drilled far underground. There are many challenges[16] associated with this storage method. They include:

  • cost: the construction, decommissioning, closure and monitoring of such a facility in South Australia has been estimated at A$41 billion[17]

  • siting: the location must be geologically stable, to prevent waste from escaping over many thousands of years

  • transport: the further waste has to be moved, the greater the safety risks. This is relevant to the Coalition’s plan, under which seven nuclear sites would be distributed around Australia

  • preventing corrosion and leakage: the waste container must be sufficiently robust to corrosion[18] and the invasion of microbes. The shaft to the underground storage also needs to be sealed

  • social acceptance: in a democratic country such as Australia, communities must agree to host a nuclear waste site and be satisfied it is safe. This includes securing “free, prior and informed consent[19]” from Traditional Owners.

Finland is the country closest to realising this storage method. It has selected a site[20] for a deep geological repository 500 metres underground, and begun construction. But the project has taken decades and suffered numerous technical problems[21].

Scientists have also raised safety concerns[22], such as how the project will perform over the very long term, including during freezing of rocks[23] in the next ice age.

Neither the United Kingdom nor the United States has moved beyond temporary storage of high-level nuclear waste.

The Coalition must come clean

Other nations have struggled to find long-term solutions for nuclear waste storage. There is every reason to expect Australia would face the same problems.

Importantly, Australia has for decades failed to find[24] a suitable place for the long-term storage of small quantities of low- and intermediate-level nuclear waste from medical isotopes and the Lucas Heights research reactor. Even though these wastes are comparatively benign, every proposal has faced strong local opposition.

Ahead of the next federal election, the Coalition must explain to Australians how and where it intends to store radioactive waste from its nuclear plants. Without that detail, voters cannot fairly assess the plan.

References

  1. ^ CSIRO analysis (www.csiro.au)
  2. ^ disposed of or reprocessed (www.nrc.gov)
  3. ^ plutonium (world-nuclear.org)
  4. ^ produce (www.ansto.gov.au)
  5. ^ birth defects (emergency.cdc.gov)
  6. ^ increased risk of cancer (www.who.int)
  7. ^ hundreds of thousands of years (www.nrc.gov)
  8. ^ Wet storage (www.nrc.gov)
  9. ^ Dry storage (www.nrc.gov)
  10. ^ corrosion (sitn.hms.harvard.edu)
  11. ^ Zaporizhzhya plant (theconversation.com)
  12. ^ reportedly kept (www.theguardian.com)
  13. ^ small ones (news.stanford.edu)
  14. ^ produce several tonnes (www.smh.com.au)
  15. ^ Coalition says (tedobrien.com.au)
  16. ^ many challenges (www-pub.iaea.org)
  17. ^ estimated at A$41 billion (apo.org.au)
  18. ^ robust to corrosion (pure.psu.edu)
  19. ^ free, prior and informed consent (www.un.org)
  20. ^ selected a site (www.nwmo.ca)
  21. ^ numerous technical problems (link.springer.com)
  22. ^ safety concerns (www.bbc.com)
  23. ^ freezing of rocks (www.science.org)
  24. ^ failed to find (theconversation.com)

Read more https://theconversation.com/nuclear-energy-creates-the-most-dangerous-form-of-radioactive-waste-where-does-peter-dutton-plan-to-put-it-233213

‘Dark tourism’ is attracting visitors to war zones and sites of atrocities in Israel and Ukraine. Why?

There is a disturbing trend of people travelling to the sadder places of the world: sites of milit...

Times Lifestyle

Warning to Grey Nomads - Pop Top Caravan Hidden Risks

To pop or not to pop… that is the question. Hybrid pop top caravans are a popular choice for many caravanners, but ar...

How to Ensure You Don’t Miss Out on a Ticket for the Next Huge Ev…

It can be a moment of huge excitement when a concert or huge event is announced to be coming to a nearby venue. There are l...

Coast of Gold Bursts into Australian Market with Award-Winning Sh…

An Australian brand centred on authentic West African flavours is making massive waves in the premium foods and condiment...

Times Magazine

The Symbology Of Birthstones

Way back in the Middle Ages, the healers and wise men of the time thought that all gemstones held supernatural powers, a belief that continues on to this very day! The tradition still fascinates us, so let's examine the birthstones and the gift the...

The Science Behind Neodymium Magnets: How They Work and Why They’re So Powerful

In the world of magnets, neodymium magnets are the rock stars. Despite their small size, they are the big hitters. The power and performance of neodymium magnets make them essential in everything from earbuds to electric vehicles. But what exactly ...

The Ethical Considerations of AI Chatbots: Balancing Innovation with Responsibility

The rise of AI chatbots has dramatically transformed how businesses interact with customers. These intelligent tools can handle inquiries, provide support, and even personalize user experiences. However, with this innovation comes a host of ethical c...