An anonymous coder nearly hacked a big chunk of the internet. How worried should we be?
- Written by Sigi Goode, Professor of Information Systems, Australian National University
Outside the world of open-source software, it’s likely few people would have heard about XZ Utils, a small but widely used tool for data compression in Linux systems. But late last week[1], security experts uncovered a serious and deliberate flaw that could leave networked Linux computers susceptible to malicious attacks.
The flaw has since been confirmed as a critical issue that could allow a knowledgeable hacker to gain control over vulnerable Linux systems. Because Linux is used throughout the world in email and web servers and application platforms, this vulnerability could have given the attacker silent access to vital information held on computers throughout the world – potentially including the device you’re using right now to read this.
Major software vulnerabilities, such as the SolarWinds hack[2] and the Heartbleed bug[3], are nothing new – but this one is very different.
The XZ Utils hack attempt took advantage of the way open-source software development often works. Like many open-source projects, XZ Utils is a crucial and widely used tool – and it is maintained largely by a single volunteer, working in their spare time. This system has created huge benefits for the world in the form of free software, but it also carries unique risks.
Open source and XZ Utils
First of all, a brief refresher on open-source software. Most commercial software, such as the Windows operating system or the Instagram app, is “closed-source” – which means nobody except its creators can read or modify the source code. By contrast, with “open-source” software, the source code is openly available and people are free to do what they like with it.
Open-source software is very common, particularly in the “nuts and bolts” of software which consumers don’t see, and hugely valuable. One recent study[4] estimated the total value of open source software in use today at US$8.8 trillion.
Until around two years ago, the XZ Utils project was maintained by a developer called Lasse Collin. Around that time[5], an account using the name Jia Tan submitted an improvement to the software.
Read more: From botnet to malware: a guide to decoding cybersecurity buzzwords[6]
Not long after, some previously unknown accounts popped up to report bugs and submit feature requests to Collin, putting pressure on him to take on a helper in maintaining the project. Jia Tan was the logical candidate.
Over the next two years[7], Jia Tan become more and more involved and, we now know, introduced a carefully hidden weapon into the software’s source code.
The revised code secretly alters another piece of software, a ubiquitous network security tool called OpenSSH, so that it passes malicious code to a target system. As a result, a specific intruder will be able to run any code they like on the target machine.
The latest version of XZ Utils, containing the backdoor, was set to be included in popular Linux distributions and rolled out across the world. However, it was caught just in time when a Microsoft engineer investigated some minor memory irregularities on his system.
A rapid response
What does this incident mean for open-source software? Well, despite initial appearances, it doesn’t mean open-source software is insecure, unreliable or untrustworthy.
Because all the code is available for public scrutiny, developers around the world could rapidly begin analysing the backdoor and the history of how it was implemented. These efforts could be documented, distributed and shared, and the specific malicious code fragments could be identified and removed.
A response on this scale would not have been possible with closed-source software.
An attacker would need to take a somewhat different approach to target a closed-source tool, perhaps by posing as a company employee for a long period and exploiting the weaknesses of the closed-source software production system (such as bureaucracy, hierarchy, unclear reporting lines and poor knowledge sharing).
However, if they did achieve such a backdoor in proprietary software, there would be no chance of large-scale, distributed code auditing.
Lessons to be learned
This case is a valuable opportunity to learn about weaknesses and vulnerabilities of a different sort.
First, it demonstrates the ease with which online relations between anonymous users and developers can become toxic. In fact, the attack depended on the normalisation of these toxic interactions.
The social engineering part of the attack appears to have used anonymous “sockpuppet” accounts to guilt-trip and emotionally coerce the lead maintainer into accepting minor, seemingly innocuous code additions over a period of years, pressuring them to cede development control to Jia Tan.
One user account complained:
You ignore the many patches bit rotting away on this mailing list. Right now you choke your repo.
When the developer professed mental health issues[8], another account chided:
I am sorry about your mental health issues, but its important to be aware of your own limits.
Individually such comments might appear innocuous, but in concert become a mob.
