wrestling with our historical assumptions through the entangled lives of two very different men
- Written by Anna Clark, Professor in Public History, University of Technology Sydney
Despite the inherent chance and coincidence of Australian history, there’s a certain sense of inevitability when we trace our national narrative in hindsight. The sequence of chapters in our textbooks and syllabuses seems logical and coherent. Colonisation follows European imperialism and exploration. Suffrage follows the discovery of gold. Federation is realised after a growing national consciousness.
There’s a reason historians construct timelines: drawing a thread between moments turns the past into a sequence that forms the skeleton of our stories. We make narratives out of stuff that happened over time.
Review: Bennelong & Phillip: A History Unravelled – Kate Fullagher (Simon & Schuster)
That form of chronological sequencing isn’t innate, however. Western historical practice feels natural because it’s the way many of us have learnt history. The discipline is presented and understood “chronologically” – but its intrinsic nature belies the attention required to craft and curate a seamless logic of time.
As postcolonial scholars such as Dipesh Chakrabarty and Priya Satia[1] have shown, the discipline of history itself has helped fashion a sense of inevitability, especially in histories of colonisation and imperial expansion. Indigenous histories and perspectives have often been relegated to the fringes of national narratives or framed in predictable tropes that saw them overwhelmed by historical “progress”.
A portrait in profile of Bennelong dressed in a European jacket and neckscarf surrounded by an oval frame decorated with Aboriginal weapons and curios.
Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales[9]
Read more:
Sailors' journals shed new light on Bennelong, a man misunderstood by history[10]
Fullagar explores how the two men’s shared history did indeed shape Australia’s, but not simply in the way foundational narratives have tended to represent them.
Bennelong and Phillip’s life stories have been told and reproduced many times before – in histories, biographies and museum exhibits. Their figures grace our currency, monuments and galleries and their names mark our maps. They are perhaps better known as tropes than actual people – representing a curious, bifurcated tale of rationality and tragedy, Enlightenment and tradition, (colonial) beginnings and (Aboriginal) endings.
Yet when Phillip was speared through the shoulder at Kay-Yee-My (Manly Cove), in retaliation for Bennelong and Colebee’s kidnapping and imprisonment, no one could have known what lay ahead. Similarly, when the colony was experiencing famine and its very existence was uncertain, or when a smallpox epidemic wiped out approximately half of the surrounding Aboriginal clans, we cannot assume people knew what would come next.
Detail of a painting that shows the spearing of Governor Arthur Phillip, circa 1790, by the Port Jackson Painter.
Natural History Museum/Wikimedia Commons[11]
It’s difficult to understand the precariousness and contingency of this history. To do this, Fullagar reaches back in time, but does so in reverse, by inverting the narrative of their relationship. She does this to tease out the lives of the two men in their own right and on their own terms. Critically, her book also exposes the architecture historians draw on, such as using hindsight and chronology, as well as narrative, to make a story appear seamless.
Bennelong and Phillip begins at the end, with the funerals of these two men, inviting us to think about how their contrasting but intersecting lives were remembered. Then we move back in time, event by event, chapter by chapter, through the colonial period and before it, to their beginnings.
It’s an inspired approach that forces readers to wrestle with our own historical assumptions. It makes clear that for this period in Australia’s colonial past, the story certainly isn’t one of linear progress, but a messy, often shared, series of entanglements.
Given the history discipline’s own legacy in advancing settler colonialism, policing whose stories can be told, how and by whom, Fullagar is acutely aware of its limitations in retracing this period. Can a work of history, even one as original and imaginative as this one, successfully reclaim this story from the dominant narrative of early Australia, where the settler colony’s success is assumed, because we’re still living in it? It’s a question she wrestles with throughout.
Read more:
Why we should remember Boorong, Bennelong's third wife, who is buried beside him[12]
When so much Australian historiography has framed the colonial period as a set of “befores” and “afters”, “pre-history” and “history”, or “firsts” and “lasts”, this book throws the logical sequence of the colony on its head.
Fullager manages to reach back in time to disrupt and pick apart the past, without assuming she can inhabit the minds of these two men beyond her own lived experience and world view. In a memorable scene, she describes Bennelong’s visit to the London’s Parkinson Museum[13] in 1793, where he and his Wangal Countryman Yemmerrawanne[14] were confronted with artefacts taken from Australia, including possibly spiritually potent objects and human remains.
She cleverly reframes and describes 18th century British culture and society as an ethnographical study, suggesting what it might have looked like through Bennelong’s eyes (subtly alluding to those early colonial accounts by Watkin Tench[15] and David Collins[16], which were full of cultural curiosity for the “other”). And she deftly manages and highlights the unevenness of the colonial archive, reminding us the inequity of our cultural memory doesn’t obviate the need to be attuned to a diversity of experience.
Bennelong and Phillip gives us a new, original lens onto this origin story. We see a larger, more complex picture of Phillip, for whom New South Wales was just one chapter of imperial service. And we’re offered a much richer, nuanced account of Bennelong, who Fullagar reads in context and on Country.
The book’s narrative reversal requires some skilful management to make sense. Fullagar uses helpful annotations at the beginning of each chapter, reminiscent of early colonial texts, which often included the same.
She also writes beautifully and clearly. That mastery of time and prose is essential, because this isn’t the sort of history book you can flick through on autopilot. Our narrative habit as readers to move forward through time is constantly being checked throughout. Maintaining that coherence requires work from the reader but, if this book is a little unsettling, that’s probably a good thing.
Bennelong and Phillip is a disciplinary accomplishment. Given its contribution to our national conversation, I was shocked to read reports of the Australian Catholic University’s draft plans[17] to restructure more than 30 full-time equivalent jobs across the humanities, Fullagar’s included[18]. In this ghastly “Hunger Games” scenario, colleagues compete for a reduced number of positions in their own area.
Read more:
Our research shows the number of history academics in Australia has dropped by at least 31% since 1989[19]
Given the heated debate around the Voice referendum, which demonstrated Australian history is very much still up for grabs, the sort of historical contemplation and reconfiguration Bennelong and Phillip provides is both critical and timely. I can’t think of a worse moment for a university to walk away from such important work.
References^ Priya Satia (theconversation.com)^ Simon & Schuster (www.simonandschuster.com.au)^ Bennelong and Phillip: A History Unravelled (www.simonandschuster.com.au)^ The book that changed me: how Priya Satia's Time’s Monster landed like a bomb in my historian's brain (theconversation.com)^ establishing and maintaining friendly and peaceful relations (dictionaryofsydney.org)^ Bennelong (bennelongrevealed.com)^ Bennelong’s childhood (dictionaryofsydney.org)^ first Aboriginal man to visit Europe and return (australian.museum)^ Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales (archival.sl.nsw.gov.au)^ Sailors' journals shed new light on Bennelong, a man misunderstood by history (theconversation.com)^ Natural History Museum/Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)^ Why we should remember Boorong, Bennelong's third wife, who is buried beside him (theconversation.com)^ Parkinson Museum (en.wikipedia.org)^ Yemmerrawanne (dictionaryofsydney.org)^ Watkin Tench (adb.anu.edu.au)^ David Collins (adb.anu.edu.au)^ Australian Catholic University’s draft plans (www.theguardian.com)^ Fullagar’s included (insidestory.org.au)^ Our research shows the number of history academics in Australia has dropped by at least 31% since 1989 (theconversation.com)
