Is Migaloo... dead? As climate change transforms the ocean, the iconic white humpback has been missing for two years

Migaloo is an all white humpback whale. Jodie Lowe, Author provided Migaloo, spotted near Coffs Harbour with another whale in June, 2005. AP Photo/Sea Experience Charters, Greer Atkinson

He was first discovered in 1991 off Byron Bay, Australia, and has since played hide and seek for many years, with many not knowing where or when he’ll show up next. He’s even surprised Kiwi fans by showing up in New Zealand^[8] waters.

With the last official sighting two years ago, the time has once again come for us to ask: where is Migaloo?

Already this year there have been false sightings^[9], such as a near all white whale spotted off New South Wales. To make things more confusing, regular-looking humpbacks can trick whale watchers when they flip upside down, due to their white bellies.

Not Migaloo: a northward migrating whale upside down photographed during whale snot drone collection, Sydney, Australia. Macquarie University/Heliguy Scientific, Scientific Licence 101743, Author provided

Migaloo as a flagship whale

The annual search for Migaloo connects people with the ocean during the colder months, and is an opportunity to learn more about the important ecological role whales play in the sea.

Migaloo’s popularity has also help drive modern marine citizen science. For example, the Cape Solander Whale Migration study^[10] records sightings of Migaloo as part of their 20 year data set. His presence was always a highlight for citizen scientists in the team.

Migaloo also represents the connection whales play between two extreme environments: the Antarctic and the tropics, both of which are vulnerable to climate change.

Humpback whales are the connection between two extreme environments: Antarctica and the tropics. Dr Vanessa Pirotta, Author provided

Earlier this year humpbacks were removed from^[11] Australia’s list of threatened species, as populations bounced back significantly after whaling ceased. But climate change poses a new threat, with a paper^[12] this year suggesting rising sea surface temperatures may make humpback whale breeding areas too warm.

Other changes to the ocean – such as ocean currents and the distribution of prey – may change where whales are found are when they migrate.

In Australia, for example, we’re already seeing many whales dine out^[13] on their migration south. Humpback whales are known to primarily feed once they’re back in Antarctic waters, so scientists are closely watching any new feeding areas off Australia.

Feeding in Australian waters might even become an annual event, and may mean southern NSW waters become an area of importance for migrating humpback whales. This behaviour encourages us to ask more about what’s going on below the surface, and the potential changes in the broader marine ecosystem we just don’t yet know about.

Humpback whales feed on krill in the Southern Ocean, before they travel northwards to breed. Shutterstock^[14]

So where is he now? Could he be dead?

Migaloo’s presence – or lack thereof – highlights the variations in whale migration. Some whales may choose to migrate early or late, or even elsewhere such as in New Zealand. Others might choose not to migrate at all and remain in the Southern Ocean.

Migaloo’s presence may be driven by several factors. This includes social circumstances, such as interactions with other whales (including moving between different pods) or biological needs (the desire to head north the reproduce).

Environmental conditions, such as currents and water temperature, may also impact when and where Migaloo chooses to swim.

Read more: I measure whales with drones to find out if they're fat enough to breed^[15]

Unfortunately, Migaloo and other whales do face a number of human-caused threats^[16] in the ocean every day, such as entanglement in fishing gear or collisions with ships. They also face natural threats, such as predation by killer whales.

Fortunately, Migaloo’s sighting history has shown us he can turn up when we least expect it, or not. So, there’s still hope we might see him yet. After all, being in his mid 30s, he’s likely in the prime of his whale life.

A humpback whale trapped in a shark net. Gold Coast Bulletin/AAP^[17]

How to get involved

The continuing search for Migaloo shows how marine citizen science^[18] has become a powerful way to learn about wildlife. Many eyes make science work, as a network of citizen scientists can cover vast areas scientists can’t alone.

A team of 200 citizen science scuba divers^[19], for example, surveyed 2,406 ocean sites in 44 countries over a decade to track how warming oceans impact marine life. They found fish may expand their habitat, pushing out other sea creatures.

But participating in marine citizen science is often as easy as recording wildlife observations on your phone next time you’re at the beach. Opportunities include Happy Whale^[20], RedMap^[21], Wild Sydney Harbour^[22] and INaturalist^[23].

It’s peak season for whale watching in Australia. Shutterstock^[24]

This year’s annual migration will last until October or November, so here’s hoping we’ll see Migaloo once again. The power of this unique whale to generate discussion, despite not being seen for years, is true testament to just how curious we are about the mysteries of the deep.

Read more: Humpback whales have been spotted in a Kakadu river. So in a fight with a crocodile, who would win?^[25]

Read more https://theconversation.com/is-migaloo-dead-as-climate-change-transforms-the-ocean-the-iconic-white-humpback-has-been-missing-for-two-years-184256