'I just go to school with no food' – why Australia must tackle child poverty to improve educational outcomes
- Written by Gerry Redmond, Professor, College of Business, Government & Law, Flinders University
About one in six children[1] in Australia live in poverty. These children generally have poorer educational outcomes than more advantaged children. Our recently published research[2] shows students who live in poverty also experience more social exclusion at school than their more advantaged peers.
These findings suggests disadvantage at home carries over into disadvantage at school.
Interventions such as anti-bullying programs and increased funding for schools in disadvantaged communities can help. However, our analysis suggests there’s a bigger structural problem. To reduce educational disadvantage, action is needed to reduce child poverty, which has remained stubbornly high since the early 2000s.
In 1987, Prime Minister Bob Hawke famously pledged[3] to end child poverty by 1990. As a result of his government’s actions, child poverty initially declined[4] before increasing again. Child poverty rates now are only slightly lower[5] than in 1999.
In that time, child poverty has been largely absent from policy agendas. Failure to act on poverty will cripple the life chances[6] and productivity of future generations.
As prime minister, Bob Hawke put child poverty on the agenda with his pledge that no child would live in poverty by 1990.Read more: By 2030, 'no Australian child will be living in poverty' – why can't we promise that?[7]
The high costs of social exclusion at school
Our research[8] has looked at the schooling experiences of 3,535 students aged 13 to 14 in in every state and territory.
Children whose families lacked items most Australian households take for granted, such as cars, computers or holidays, were identified as experiencing family poverty. Children who reported lacking items that most children see as essential were identified as experiencing child deprivation. These items included clothes that allowed them to fit in with other children, and their family having money to send them on school camp.
The proportions living in family poverty or child deprivation were highest among children who experienced multiple forms of disadvantage. One in five children with a disability lived in poverty, as did one in three who had a caring responsibility for a family member. Over one in four Indigenous children and children with a language background other than English also lived in poverty. By comparison, this was the case for only one in eight children who were not part of a marginalised group.
Read more: One quarter of Australian 11-12 year olds don't have the literacy and numeracy skills they need[9]
Teachers make great efforts to support[10] the education of disadvantaged students. Despite these efforts, children living in poverty have lower school completion rates[11] and lower scores on national tests such as NAPLAN[12]. And our study shows the effects of poverty still permeate school classrooms and playgrounds.
In our study, we asked children how much they agreed with the statement: “At my school, there is a teacher or another adult: who really cares about me; who believes that I will be a success; who listens to me when I have something to say.” The children experiencing deprivation reported less support from their teachers. They also reported higher rates of bullying than non-deprived children.
These experiences were in turn associated with students reporting lower levels of life satisfaction. That’s an early indicator of mental health problems[13] in youth and adulthood.
Read more: What do children think of economic inequality? We did an experiment to find out[14]
Children’s potential is being stifled
The Project for International Student Assessment[15] (PISA) conducts comparable academic tests of 15-year-old students in all OECD countries. Gaps in test performance between the most socioeconomically advantaged and the most disadvantaged students in Australia have hardly changed[16] since the surveys were launched in 2000.
The gaps for the most recent tests in 2018 represented around three years of education for reading, maths and science literacy. When students fall that far behind, it seriously blights their life chances.
Teachers recognise[17] that children living in poverty face many challenges that impact their learning and relationships. Children also talk about the challenges of poverty. One boy explained[18]:
“My mum would take me to the op shop because I keep on splitting my pants when I kneel down but she can’t afford to buy me new pants. I don’t get pocket money and have to make my own lunch and sometimes I don’t even do that. I just go to school with no food.”
That such experiences should be associated with poor educational outcomes is not surprising. What is surprising is how badly Australia’s education system is failing to achieve a key objective: to support all children to reach their full educational potential[19].
Read more: Already badly off, single parents went dramatically backwards during COVID. They are raising our future adults[20]
It’s time to focus again on child poverty
Child poverty and children’s educational disadvantage require different solutions, but they are closely linked. The more poverty there is in Australia, the harder education systems and individual teachers have to work to compensate for its effect on student outcomes.
The Gonski 2.0[21] package of school funding reforms, launched in 2018, aims to at least partially address educational disadvantage. However, it is unlikely to break the poverty-educational outcomes nexus on its own.
The challenge that Hawke set 35 years ago, to end child poverty in Australia, needs to be taken up again. Both the Hawke government’s actions in the years following his pledge and the current Australian government’s responses to the COVID-19 pandemic show how this can be done.
After 1987, family payments were significantly increased and targeted to lower-income families. This increased support helped reduce child poverty[22].
In 2020, in response to the growing COVID-19 emergency, the Morrison government introduced the JobKeeper payment and added the Coronavirus Supplement to the Jobseeker Allowance. Poverty rates declined[23], at least temporarily, while these supports were in place.
Money does not solve all the problems of child disadvantage. But it does matter[24].
Read more: Young Australians' prospects still come down to where they grow up[25]
The next Australian government could follow Hawke’s example and set targets to reduce child poverty. History (in Australia and elsewhere[26]) suggests that action will follow and child poverty will fall.
Reducing poverty will have positive flow-on effects for children’s well-being, development and educational outcomes. It will also represent a major step towards Australia achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goal[27] of halving poverty rates of all men, women and children by 2030.
References
- ^ one in six children (povertyandinequality.acoss.org.au)
- ^ Our recently published research (www.cambridge.org)
- ^ pledged (www.youtube.com)
- ^ declined (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
- ^ slightly lower (povertyandinequality.acoss.org.au)
- ^ life chances (theconversation.com)
- ^ By 2030, 'no Australian child will be living in poverty' – why can't we promise that? (theconversation.com)
- ^ Our research (www.cambridge.org)
- ^ One quarter of Australian 11-12 year olds don't have the literacy and numeracy skills they need (theconversation.com)
- ^ efforts to support (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ lower school completion rates (melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au)
- ^ NAPLAN (www.dss.gov.au)
- ^ mental health problems (journals.sagepub.com)
- ^ What do children think of economic inequality? We did an experiment to find out (theconversation.com)
- ^ Project for International Student Assessment (www.oecd.org)
- ^ hardly changed (research.acer.edu.au)
- ^ Teachers recognise (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ One boy explained (www.researchgate.net)
- ^ reach their full educational potential (www.dese.gov.au)
- ^ Already badly off, single parents went dramatically backwards during COVID. They are raising our future adults (theconversation.com)
- ^ Gonski 2.0 (theconversation.com)
- ^ reduce child poverty (www.researchgate.net)
- ^ declined (povertyandinequality.acoss.org.au)
- ^ does matter (link.springer.com)
- ^ Young Australians' prospects still come down to where they grow up (theconversation.com)
- ^ elsewhere (cpag.org.uk)
- ^ Sustainable Development Goal (sdgs.un.org)
