'National security' once meant more than just conjuring up threats beyond our borders

The Morrison government has clearly signalled its intention to make “national security” a key issue in this year’s federal election. It has repeatedly attacked the Labor opposition on issues including foreign interference, asylum seekers and defence spending. It places all of these issues under the “national security” umbrella.

Defence Minister Peter Dutton has even gone so far as to declare^[1] the Chinese administration would prefer an Albanese government, suggesting it would find his politics more to their liking.

The government’s concerted scare campaign received immediate backlash. Experts described it as “reckless^[2]” and a strategy “that serves only China^[3]”.

Despite the government’s efforts, Guardian polling shows a majority of voters ^[4] trust Labor over the Coalition to handle our relationship with China.

In the same poll, voters highlighted public health, the climate and the cost of living as significant issues^[5]. This indicates Australians view social, economic and environmental issues as equally important to their security as foreign affairs.

Read more: Word from The Hill: Australian politics in an uncertain world^[6]

Since the second world war, “national security” has generally referred to military threats. The term was enshrined in Australian legislation with the outbreak of war in 1939, and cemented in the US at the beginning of the Cold War^[7].

After the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks, political usage of “national security” ramped up across the Western world^[8]. It was used to justify increasingly invasive domestic policies^[9] and the rooting out of “foreign” threats^[10].

Today, the term “national security” invokes an ambiguous foreign threat. It is often exploited to deflect public scrutiny and provide political cover for unpopular policies. In 2019, for example, the Coalition government and Senator Jacqui Lambie cited “national security” risks^[11] to justify repealing a law that allowed refugees to be transferred to Australia for medical treatment.

“National security” has become so enmeshed with threats of invasion, espionage and terrorism that it’s easy to forget the term has a longer and more cosmopolitan history.

A long and murky history

Bookended by the Great Depression and the second world war, Australians in the 1930s were concerned about different kinds of “national security”. While military and strategic framings were widespread, national security was also deployed to:

This diversity of use helps us distil what “national security” has meant to Australians. In all the contexts, there were consistent themes: safety, well-being, durability and a long-term future.

Read more: Grattan on Friday: Morrison has sown the seeds for a scare campaign, and Albanese doesn’t know whether they'll grow^[12]

For instance, in the wake of the Great Depression, Australians made explicit links^[13] between poverty, unemployment and national security.

People wrote letters to newspapers^[14] arguing for an increase in teachers’ salaries because

all money spent on education is a gilt-edged national security.

At the same time, politicians deployed the term to advocate for local government^[15] and democratic constitutional reform^[16].

In the 1935 New South Wales state election, the leader of a breakaway Labor faction, Jack Lang, promised^[17] social programs that would raise the standard of living and provide

the national happiness and comfort that can only come from national security.

By 1937, Country Party leader Earle Page also seized on the term^[18] to refer to social and economic issues:

The best guarantee for national security is a substantial population of contented and prosperous people.

In other words, national security was very much linked with the social and economic conditions of everyday Australians.

The diversity of uses of “national security” in the 1930s has parallels in the range of threats Australians face today. These include job insecurity, housing, poverty, family violence, climate change^[19] and the ongoing effects of COVID-19^[20] on Australian health, food supply, the economy and society.

Just as in the 1930s, the health of Australians today “will lay the foundations of national security and progress in the future^[21]”. Taking a broader view of Australian “national security” reveals how narrow military framings distract from the lack of a clear vision for social, economic, environmental and political security as we head into the third year of the pandemic.

Ugly undertones

A key element of understanding the meaning of “national security” is analysing who is included and excluded in the word “national”. One of the most common framings of “national security” in the 1930s was wrapped up in identity: Australian values, ideals and way of life.

In newspapers and in the parliament, security was pinned on the White Australia Policy^[22] protecting a racially homogenous national identity.

Commentators expressed deep anxieties over a small white population in “a huge, empty continent surrounded by the millions of the crowded East^[23]” – the “empty” here excluding Indigenous people from Australia’s national security.

Some advocated policies for attracting more white British migrants^[24]. Others promoted child endowment for parents to increase the white population^[25].

These anxieties about identity as security are mirrored today. The Morrison government plays on longstanding threads of racism^[26], xenophobia^[27] and fears of invasion^[28] to invoke security threats.

Read more: Elections are rarely decided by security and defence issues, but China could make 2022 different^[29]

“National security” is too often used to conjure up amorphous threats beyond our shores, without fully explaining the dangers allegedly posed to Australians. It seems well past time the term “security” took on a broader, more sophisticated meaning^[30], encompassing the health, safety and well-being of the nation.

References

1. ^{^} to declare (www.sbs.com.au)
2. ^{^} reckless (www.theguardian.com)
3. ^{^} that serves only China (www.abc.net.au)
4. ^{^} a majority of voters (www.theguardian.com)
5. ^{^} voters highlighted public health, the climate and the cost of living as significant issues (www.theguardian.com)
6. ^{^} Word from The Hill: Australian politics in an uncertain world (theconversation.com)
7. ^{^} cemented in the US at the beginning of the Cold War (www.theatlantic.com)
8. ^{^} ramped up across the Western world (theconversation.com)
9. ^{^} increasingly invasive domestic policies (www.theguardian.com)
10. ^{^} rooting out of “foreign” threats (theconversation.com)
11. ^{^} cited “national security” risks (www.abc.net.au)
12. ^{^} Grattan on Friday: Morrison has sown the seeds for a scare campaign, and Albanese doesn’t know whether they'll grow (theconversation.com)
13. ^{^} explicit links (historichansard.net)
14. ^{^} letters to newspapers (nla.gov.au)
15. ^{^} local government (nla.gov.au)
16. ^{^} democratic constitutional reform (nla.gov.au)
17. ^{^} promised (trove.nla.gov.au)
18. ^{^} seized on the term (trove.nla.gov.au)
19. ^{^} climate change (www.lowyinstitute.org)
20. ^{^} effects of COVID-19 (online.norwich.edu)
21. ^{^} will lay the foundations of national security and progress in the future (historichansard.net)
22. ^{^} White Australia Policy (theconversation.com)
23. ^{^} a huge, empty continent surrounded by the millions of the crowded East (nla.gov.au)
24. ^{^} attracting more white British migrants (nla.gov.au)
25. ^{^} child endowment for parents to increase the white population (nla.gov.au)
26. ^{^} racism (www.9news.com.au)
27. ^{^} xenophobia (www.sbs.com.au)
28. ^{^} fears of invasion (www.abc.net.au)
29. ^{^} Elections are rarely decided by security and defence issues, but China could make 2022 different (theconversation.com)
30. ^{^} broader, more sophisticated meaning (theconversation.com)