Fri Sep 17

How many satellites are orbiting Earth?

Written by Supriya Chakrabarti, Professor of Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell

CC BY-ND ^[1] It seems like every week, another rocket is launched into space carrying rovers to Mars ^[2], tourists ^[3] or, most commonly, satellites ^[4]. The idea that “space is getting crowded ^[5]” has been around for a few years now, but just how crowded is it? And how crowded is it going to get? I am a professor of physics ^[6] and director of the Center for Space Science and Technology ^[7] at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Many satellites that were put into orbit have gone dead and burned up in the atmosphere, but thousands remain. Groups ^[8] that track satellite launches ^[9] don’t always report the same exact numbers, but the overall trend is clear – and astounding. Since the Soviet Union launched Sputnik – the first human-made satellite – in 1957, humanity has steadily been putting more and more objects into orbit every year. Over the the second half of the 20th century, there was a slow but steady growth, with roughly 60 to 100 satellites launched yearly until the early 2010s ^[10]. But since then, the pace has been increasing dramatically. By 2020, 114 launches carried around 1,300 satellites to space, surpassing the 1,000 new satellites per year mark for the first time. But no year in the past compares to 2021. As of Sept. 16, roughly 1,400 new satellites have already begun circling the Earth, and that will only increase as the year goes on. Just this week, SpaceX deployed another 51 Starlink satellites ^[11] into orbit.

The ever-shrinking size of technology has led to tiny satellites like the one students are working on here. Edwin Aguirre/University of Massachusetts Lowell, CC BY-ND ^[12] Small satellites, easy access to orbit There are two main reasons for this exponential growth. First, it has never been easier to get a satellite into space. For example, on Aug. 29, 2021, a SpaceX rocket ^[13] carried several satellites – including one built by my students ^[14] – to the International Space Station. On Oct. 11, 2021, these satellites will deploy into orbit, and the number of satellites will increase again. The second reason is that rockets can carry more satellites more easily – and cheaply – than ever before. This increase isn’t due to rockets getting more powerful. Rather, satellites have gotten smaller thanks to the electronics revolution. The vast majority – 94% – of all spacecraft launched in 2020 were smallsats – satellites that weigh less than around 1,320 pounds (600 kilograms)^[15]. The majority of these satellites are used for observing Earth or for communications and internet. With a goal of bringing the internet to underserved areas of the globe, two private companies, Starlink by SpaceX ^[16] and OneWeb ^[17] together launched almost 1,000 smallsats in 2020 alone. They are each planning to launch more than 40,000 satellites ^[18] in the coming years to create what are called “mega-constellations” in low-Earth orbit. Several other companies are eyeing this US$1 trillion market ^[19], most notably Amazon with its Project Kuiper ^[20]. Large satellite constellations – like SpaceX’s Starlink, seen in the video above – are set to dramatically increase the number of objects orbiting Earth and are already causing problems.A crowded sky With the huge growth in satellites, fears of a crowded sky are starting to come true. A day after SpaceX launched its first 60 Starlink satellites, astronomers began to see them blocking out the stars ^[21]. While the impact on visible astronomy is easy to understand, radio astronomers fear they may lose 70% sensitivity in certain frequencies due to interference from satellite megaconstellations ^[22] like Starlink. Experts have been studying and discussing the potential problems posed by these constellations ^[23] and ways the satellite companies could address them ^[24]. These include reducing the number and brightness of satellites, sharing their location and supporting better image-processing software. As low-Earth orbit gets crowded, concern about space debris ^[25] increases, as does a real possibility ^[26] of collisions ^[27]. Future trends Less than 10 years ago, the democratization of space was a goal yet to be realized ^[28]. Now, with student projects on the Space Station ^[29] and more than 105 countries ^[30] having at least one satellite in space, one could argue that that goal is within reach. Every disruptive technological advancement requires updates to the rules – or the creation of new ones. SpaceX has tested ways to lower the impact of Starlink constellations ^[31], and Amazon has disclosed plans to de-orbit their satellites within 355 days after mission completion ^[32]. These and other actions by different stakeholders make me hopeful that commerce, science and human endeavors will find sustainable solutions to this potential crisis. [The Conversation’s science, health and technology editors pick their favorite stories. Weekly on Wednesdays ^[33].]