18 months of the COVID-19 pandemic – a retrospective in 7 charts

A year and a half into what the World Health Organization officially declared a pandemic^[1] on March 11, 2020, it’s an understatement to say that Americans are exhausted.

I’m an epidemiologist^[2] and an internationally recognized science communicator^[3], and I’ve often found myself running between COVID-19 meetings asking “how did we get here?”

Figuring out the “how” is essential to preparing for the future. In trying to make sense of these past 18 months, I’ve found it helpful to broadly categorize the U.S. pandemic journey thus far into five phases: Scramble, Learn, Respond, Test and Hope.

Scramble: What’s going on?

In early 2020, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, hit the United States. The first documented case was a traveler who landed in Seattle from Wuhan, China on Jan. 15^[4]. Only later did public health officials find that SARS-CoV-2 was already spreading throughout the community^[5].

It wasn’t until March that Americans were forced to take the pandemic seriously, as states began to implement stay-at-home orders^[6]. While civilians were struggling to figure out child care^[7], working from home^[8] and Immunology 101^[9], epidemiologists started to react.

But maybe a better word is “scramble.” The U.S. did not have the public health infrastructure in place to effectively respond. A chronically underfunded^[10] and politicized public health system^[11] hampered the nation’s real-time response.

Epidemiologists were scrambling, left to rely on volunteers^[12] to report national level public health data because there was no centralized public health data system^[13] in the U.S. Public health officials were scrambling to enact safety recommendations and contact trace because of limited resources^[14]. Data scientists, like those at Johns Hopkins University^[15], were scrambling to share accessible data for decision-making. Scientists were scrambling to develop COVID-19 tests^[16]. And everyone was scrambling to figure out how to communicate^[17] the evolving threat of the virus to American lives. From the beginning, the seeds were sown for a reactive, rather than proactive, approach.

Learn: Are we doing anything right?

Once the Northeast started to get under control^[18], June 2020 was fairly quiet across the nation. Is this done? Maybe the decrease is due to weather^[19]? People started relaxing.

Then July hit. In one month, cases in the South were as high^[20] as they had been in the Northeast months earlier. The West started creeping up, too. The game of whack-a-mole began as there still wasn’t a coordinated, national response.

Health departments were expanding capacity^[21] for testing, tracing and surveillance. A multitude of multidisciplinary, academic teams were forming to understand COVID-19 from microscopic-level virology^[22] all the way to population-level social implications^[23].

This is when published, peer-reviewed data on COVID-19 started coming through. In fewer than five months, scientific literature database Scopus indexed more than 12,000^[24] publications. Researchers started discovering long COVID-19 symptoms^[25] and figuring out effective protective measures like social distancing and wearing a mask^[26]. Researchers also learned more about superspreader events^[27] and how COVID-19 is transmitted through the air^[28] – although this wasn’t officially recognized by the WHO^[29] or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention^[30] until about a year later.

While the flood of evidence^[31] provided scientists and clinicians with critical information, a wave of retractions^[32] pulling papers with erroneous or unreliable data began to appear. This, coupled with lack of accurate scientific communication^[33] from unbiased sources, fueled a concurrent infodemic^[34] – an epidemic of misinformation and public health threats that researchers, social media companies and public health officials are still learning how to identify, mitigate and treat.

Respond: Bring it on, virus!

Then came winter, which proved to be a perfect storm of pandemic fatigue^[35] and holiday travel. This resulted in our biggest pandemic wave yet. More than 3,000 people were dying per day^[36] in the U.S.

Thankfully, help was on its way: vaccines. And not just pretty good vaccines – vaccines that blew efficacy out of the water. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine proved to have an efficacy of 95%^[37], significantly above the threshold target of 50%^[38]. Thanks to over 500,000^[39] clinical trial volunteers, decades of mRNA research^[40], an estimated US$39.5 billion^[41] and fast-moving scientists, the vaccines got to the public in record time^[42]. And, while the vaccine rollout was rough^[43], more than 260 million^[44] doses were administered by May 2021 in the U.S.

With vaccines, though, came new challenges: a new fight against disinformation (no, mRNA does not change your DNA^[45]) and a struggle to understand breakthrough infections^[46].

In the meanwhile, new COVID-19 variants^[47] arrived on the scene. Suboptimal genomic surveillance^[48] made it difficult to identify where and what variants^[49] were spreading. The race between vaccination and variant spread was upon us. The fight was far from over.

Test: We’re tired

Early summer 2021 for Americans was blissful. The U.S. reached an all-time pandemic low in terms of COVID-19 cases^[50]. People who were vaccinated were told they could take off their masks^[51], while some unvaccinated people took this carte blanche. More Americans started traveling again^[52] and getting back to working in person^[53].

But then the delta variant knocked on the door. Significantly more transmissible^[54] and severe^[55] than the original strain of the coronavirus, it first created a tsunami of cases in the South^[56] that then spread to every corner of the United States.

Unfortunately, pandemic fatigue^[57] has settled in. And the pandemic is pushing the U.S. response to its limits. It’s testing the amount of pressure vaccines can withstand^[58]. It’s testing health care system capacity^[59]. It’s testing the resilience of public health and health care workers^[60]. It’s testing the ability of scientists to effectively communicate ever-evolving research findings^[61]. And it’s testing the public’s patience as pediatric vaccines undergo clinical trials^[62].

Hope: This will end

Every epidemic curve comes down^[63]. And this one will too. But even after it comes down, the pandemic will still be far from over.

There’s still trauma to be addressed^[64]. Families were robbed of proper funerals and goodbyes^[65]. Friendships were ripped apart^[66] by politically charged misinformation and disinformation. Millions of people lost their jobs^[67]. And frontline workers^[68] are still not OK. A survey of public health workers across the U.S. found that more than half^[69] reported symptoms of at least one mental health condition from March to April 2021.

The U.S. will also need to self-reflect as a nation. In order to deal effectively with the next infectious disease crisis, the U.S. will need to create centralized public health systems and expand genomic surveillance, hospital networks and testing capabilities. Scientists need to revamp how they accessibly communicate science and research so the CDC can build public trust again. And by removing politics from public health, science might be able to infiltrate echo chambers instead of feeding them^[70].

Americans need to prepare so when the next pandemic hits^[71], everyone will be ready to mount a proactive, effective fight against a common enemy: the virus.

[Get The Conversation’s most important coronavirus headlines, weekly in a science newsletter^[72]]

References

1. ^{^} World Health Organization officially declared a pandemic (www.who.int)
2. ^{^} epidemiologist (scholar.google.com)
3. ^{^} science communicator (yourlocalepidemiologist.substack.com)
4. ^{^} Jan. 15 (www.history.com)
5. ^{^} spreading throughout the community (dx.doi.org)
6. ^{^} stay-at-home orders (www.nytimes.com)
7. ^{^} child care (www.nytimes.com)
8. ^{^} working from home (theconversation.com)
9. ^{^} Immunology 101 (theconversation.com)
10. ^{^} chronically underfunded (www.tfah.org)
11. ^{^} politicized public health system (theconversation.com)
12. ^{^} rely on volunteers (covidtracking.com)
13. ^{^} no centralized public health data system (www.politico.com)
14. ^{^} limited resources (www.ama-assn.org)
15. ^{^} Johns Hopkins University (coronavirus.jhu.edu)
16. ^{^} develop COVID-19 tests (theconversation.com)
17. ^{^} how to communicate (theconversation.com)
18. ^{^} under control (covid.cdc.gov)
19. ^{^} due to weather (theconversation.com)
20. ^{^} were as high (covid.cdc.gov)
21. ^{^} expanding capacity (www.cdc.gov)
22. ^{^} microscopic-level virology (theconversation.com)
23. ^{^} population-level social implications (theconversation.com)
24. ^{^} more than 12,000 (doi.org)
25. ^{^} long COVID-19 symptoms (theconversation.com)
26. ^{^} social distancing and wearing a mask (doi.org)
27. ^{^} superspreader events (dx.doi.org)
28. ^{^} transmitted through the air (doi.org)
29. ^{^} WHO (www.who.int)
30. ^{^} Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov)
31. ^{^} flood of evidence (doi.org)
32. ^{^} wave of retractions (retractionwatch.com)
33. ^{^} accurate scientific communication (doi.org)
34. ^{^} concurrent infodemic (www.who.int)
35. ^{^} pandemic fatigue (theconversation.com)
36. ^{^} More than 3,000 people were dying per day (usafacts.org)
37. ^{^} efficacy of 95% (www.fda.gov)
38. ^{^} threshold target of 50% (www.afro.who.int)
39. ^{^} over 500,000 (time.com)
40. ^{^} decades of mRNA research (doi.org)
41. ^{^} US$39.5 billion (www.healthaffairs.org)
42. ^{^} record time (www.ifpma.org)
43. ^{^} vaccine rollout was rough (www.vox.com)
44. ^{^} more than 260 million (covid.cdc.gov)
45. ^{^} mRNA does not change your DNA (doi.org)
46. ^{^} breakthrough infections (theconversation.com)
47. ^{^} new COVID-19 variants (covid.cdc.gov)
48. ^{^} Suboptimal genomic surveillance (doi.org)
49. ^{^} difficult to identify where and what variants (theconversation.com)
50. ^{^} all-time pandemic low in terms of COVID-19 cases (www.usatoday.com)
51. ^{^} take off their masks (www.washingtonpost.com)
52. ^{^} traveling again (www.tsa.gov)
53. ^{^} working in person (theconversation.com)
54. ^{^} more transmissible (assets.publishing.service.gov.uk)
55. ^{^} severe (doi.org)
56. ^{^} tsunami of cases in the South (www.usnews.com)
57. ^{^} pandemic fatigue (www.scientificamerican.com)
58. ^{^} vaccines can withstand (doi.org)
59. ^{^} health care system capacity (www.npr.org)
60. ^{^} resilience of public health and health care workers (www.newschannel10.com)
61. ^{^} ever-evolving research findings (doi.org)
62. ^{^} pediatric vaccines undergo clinical trials (theconversation.com)
63. ^{^} epidemic curve comes down (www.cdc.gov)
64. ^{^} trauma to be addressed (www.theatlantic.com)
65. ^{^} proper funerals and goodbyes (www.chicagotribune.com)
66. ^{^} Friendships were ripped apart (www.theguardian.com)
67. ^{^} lost their jobs (theconversation.com)
68. ^{^} frontline workers (khn.org)
69. ^{^} more than half (dx.doi.org)
70. ^{^} feeding them (doi.org)
71. ^{^} when the next pandemic hits (www.statnews.com)
72. ^{^} Get The Conversation’s most important coronavirus headlines, weekly in a science newsletter (theconversation.com)