The Times Australia
Business and Money

Australian barley growers are the victims of weaponised trade rules

  • Written by Richard Holden, Professor of Economics, UNSW

Trade tensions between Australia and China have escalated to the point where China has placed[1] an 80.5% tariff on Australian barley imports, beginning this week.

China has been a huge market for Australian barley[2]. It accounted for more than 70% of Australia’s exports between 2015 and 2018 and in 2016–17 it bought almost 6 million tonnes.

Australian barley growers are the victims of weaponised trade rules CC BY[3] While China’s imports fell to 2.5 million tonnes[4] last financial year, this was still more than half of Australia’s total barley exports, worth about A$600 million to Australian farmers. The tariff on Australian barley won’t hurt China much. It can simply buy from other countries such as France, Russia, Argentina and Canada. In terms of Australia’s total volume of exports (more than A$450 billion annually[5]) the likely losses are not huge. But it is meaningful and painful to Australia’s barley industry. It is important this matter be resolved. But the broader issue is how to avoid ongoing conflict with our biggest trading partner. Doing that means understanding what the barley dispute is really about. Because it’s unlikely to really be about barley. What is China upset about? It would be reasonable to deduce China’s recent actions stem from Australia’s advocacy for an investigation into the source of the COVID-19 pandemic – something first raised by foreign minister Marise Payne and championed by Prime Minister Scott Morrison, along with the United States and other countries. But there is a longer history of simmering tensions between the two nations. There is, for example, Australia’s exclusion of Chinese company Huawei from building our 5G telecommunications network. This is a matter China’s ambassador to Australia, Cheng Jingye, called a “sore point and thorny issue[6]” as recently as February. Another view[7] is that it is about trade issues – that China is accusing Australia of dumping in retaliation for Australia’s use of global anti-dumping provisions against China. As pointed out by my colleague[8] Weihuan Zhou: Dumping is essentially price discrimination, in which a producer sells a product to an export market at a lower price than it sells it at home. As such, it is often condemned as ‘unfair trade practice’ which accords exporters a competitive advantage over producers of similar goods in the market of importation. Australia has been a keen user of the World Trade Organisation’s rules against dumping. Many Chinese industries have been targeted under anti-dumping cases brought by Australia (and other countries), including steel, aluminium products, solar panels, and even copy paper. So perhaps this is a case of “what goes around comes around”. Read more: China used anti-dumping rules against us because what goes around comes around[9] In any event, it is shaping up to be a thorny issue for Australia. Australia’s trade minister, Simon Birmingham, has rightly disagreed with China’s characterisation of Australia as dumping barley, saying[10]: “We reject the basis of this decision and will be assessing the details of the findings while we consider the next steps”. Australia will take this case to the WTO and argue it has not subsidised barley being exported. But these cases are tricky to prove, can take substantial time (likely more than a year and possibly much longer). In the meantime, China can impose duties, with dire consequences for imports of Australian barley. Always in breach? Precisely because it is difficult to determine the underlying economics of whether dumping is taking place, there is almost always an argument to be made that a country is dumping some product some of the time. That leaves countries like China with a trigger to pull more or less any time they want. Read more: Australia's links with China must change, but decoupling is not an option[11] This is a similar trick to that used by authoritarian regimes to control their populations. If citizens have essentially always broken some obscure law on the books, they are free from prosecution only by the good grace of the regime in power. One reading of events is that China is using a version of this tactic in international trade against Australia. The importance of the WTO All of this points to the importance of dispute resolution through international bodies. Sure, anti-dumping cases may be tricky, but resolving such cases quicker would help prevent the threat of such cases being used as bargaining chips. So, too, would a more precise set of economically based rules about what constitutes dumping in practice, and how to measure it robustly and transparently. These are matters not only to be determined in free-trade deals between countries but also for international bodies like the WTO. Read more: View from The Hill: Yes, we're too dependent on China, but changing that is easier said than done[12] It is sometimes suggested there is little to do in this sphere, because trade barriers are now so low. But making the rules more precise and the dispute resolution procedures more timely is certainly one area for improvement.

Authors: Richard Holden, Professor of Economics, UNSW

Read more https://theconversation.com/vital-signs-australian-barley-growers-are-the-victims-of-weaponised-trade-rules-139037

Business Times

Agentforce for Financial Services: Merging AI and Human Expertise…

In this rapidly evolving world of financial services, deploying customer experiences that are personalized and intelligen...

Samsara Eco and lululemon announce 10 year partnership

lululemon and Samsara Eco Announce 10-Year Plan to Advance Recycled Material Portfolio Plan will see lululemon source a...

Barelli Bathrooms announces celebrity interior designer Kellie Ri…

Barelli Bathrooms, a leading name in contemporary bathroom accessories and design, is proud to announce its new national ...

The Times Features

My shins hurt after running. Could it be shin splints?

If you’ve started running for the first time, started again after a break, or your workout is more intense, you might have felt it. A dull, nagging ache down your shins after...

Metal Roof Replacement Cost Per Square Metre in 2025: A Comprehensive Guide for Australian Homeowners

In recent years, the trend of installing metal roofs has surged across Australia. With their reputation for being both robust and visually appealing, it's easy to understand thei...

Why You’re Always Adjusting Your Bra — and What to Do Instead

Image by freepik It starts with a gentle tug, then a subtle shift, and before you know it, you're adjusting your bra again — in the middle of work, at dinner, even on the couch. I...

How to Tell If Your Eyes Are Working Harder Than They Should Be

Image by freepik Most of us take our vision for granted—until it starts to let us down. Whether it's squinting at your phone, rubbing your eyes at the end of the day, or feeling ...

Ways to Attract Tenants in a Competitive Rental Market

In the kind of rental market we’ve got now, standing out is half the battle. The other half? Actually getting someone to sign that lease. With interest rates doing backflips and ...

Top Tips for Finding the Ideal Block to Build Your Home

There’s something deeply personal and exciting about building your own home. You’re not just choosing paint colours or furniture, you’re creating a space that reflects your lifes...