how the surge in online food delivery could be harming our health

With the simple touch of a smartphone, online food delivery services^[1] conveniently offer takeaway food straight to your door.

Contact-free delivery has surged in popularity as lockdowns have limited physical access to restaurants and food outlets. Industry reports suggest Australians are spending three times more^[2] on online food delivery than before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Globally, online food delivery is set to become a US$200 billion industry^[3] by 2025.

While these delivery apps provide easy access to a variety of foods, they may be harmful for our health.

Online food delivery services increase access to fast food

During January and February 2020, we analysed data^[4] from Uber Eats, the market-leading online food delivery service in Australia and New Zealand.

We focused on online food ordering in 233 suburbs in Sydney and 186 suburbs in Auckland with above-average populations of young people (aged 15-34). This age group represents the biggest consumers^[5] of online takeaway foods.

We evaluated 1,074 popular food outlets available on Uber Eats across Sydney and Auckland by type and nutritional quality.

Results showed fast-food chains were the most popular food outlets. Fast-food chains accounted for 38% of the popular food outlets we looked at in Sydney and 54% in Auckland.

In Sydney, the most common fast-food chains were McDonald’s (54 stores, 8.4%), Subway (52 stores, 7.6%), Oporto (42 stores, 6.2%) and Domino’s (19 stores, 2.8%).

In Auckland, the most common fast-food chains were Subway (46 stores, 11.7%), McDonald’s (40 stores, 10.2%), Burger King (24 stores, 6.1%) and Hell Pizza (20 stores, 5.1%).

These fast-food chains were all classified in the lowest healthiness category.

When The Conversation contacted Uber Eats for comment, their spokesperson pointed to their grocery category, which “[makes] fresh fruit and vegetables more accessible for thousands of Australians”.

The spokesperson also said “quinoa, kale, bowls, brussel sprouts, edamame, acai, kombucha, hummus, poke and brown rice” all increased in popularity since June 2020. However according to our assessment, these items were not as popular or as well spruiked as the unhealthy menu items.

Read more: Want to be happier, healthier, save money? It's time to get cooking^[7]

Independent outlets are rushing to join, but how healthy are their menus?

In Sydney, we found independent takeaway stores^[8], like your local kebab shop or fish and chip shop, are the second most popular food outlet type (30% of all food outlets).

In a separate study, we analysed the menu items^[9] (13,841 in total) from 196 of Sydney’s most popular independent takeaway stores on Uber Eats. We used a classification system of 38 different food and beverage categories based on the Australian Dietary Guidelines^[10].

We found more than 80% of all the menu items were discretionary or “junk” foods. A large number of menu items (42%) were categorised as “discretionary cereal-based mixed meals”, which includes foods such as pizzas, burgers, kebabs and pidés. Other types of junk foods could be battered fish or chicken schnitzel, and sugary drinks, among others.

Marketing tactics don’t help

Both these studies demonstrate the abundance of unhealthy menu items available on these platforms. This, combined with in-app marketing tactics, can hinder consumers from making healthier choices.

We found unhealthier menu items were more than twice as likely^[11] to be categorised as “most popular” than healthier options on Uber Eats. In addition, unhealthy menu items were nearly one-and-a-half times more likely to include a photo, and over six times more likely to be offered as a value bundle compared with healthier items.

In another study, we observed how online food delivery services have leveraged the pandemic to promote junk food on social media.

Our recently published digital marketing analysis^[13] on the Instagram accounts of nine online food delivery services across three regions (Australia/New Zealand, North America and the United Kingdom) found nearly 70% of all food advertised was junk food.

In 2020, 32% of posts referenced the pandemic. Most commonly, the messaging in these posts encouraged consumers to stay home and get food delivered to support local businesses.

While of course during lockdowns it’s important to stay at home, and supporting local businesses is noble, worryingly, more than 97% of the food items featured in COVID-related Instagram posts from Australia and the UK were junk foods.

Read more: Combo meal deals and price discounts on fast food encourage us to eat more junk. It's time for policy action^[14]

Can we promote healthier choices in the digital age?

Easy access to junk foods and drinks enabled by online food delivery presents a further challenge to the increasing rates of obesity. Australian data suggest 16% of 18 to 24-year-olds are obese^[15]. In New Zealand, around one in three people over 15 are obese^[16].

The World Health Organization^[17] has acknowledged the growing impact of online food environments on people’s diet choices. For the benefit of public health, it urges collective action by food industry, governments, policy makers and researchers.

In line with the WHO, we propose the following actions:

1. include healthy online food environments in the National Obesity Strategy^[18]. This is a ten-year strategy, currently under consultation, that will guide Australia’s actions on the overweight and obesity epidemic. The public, particularly young people, have asked for supportive food environments^[19] that will enable them to make healthy food choices. This framework will be an important way to put the public health impact of online food delivery services on the agenda

2. restrict junk food advertising on social media. Online food delivery services need to be considered with the broader food industry in government policies^[20] restricting junk food advertising to young people

3. generate clear public health messaging on health and environmental impacts. Research^[21] has suggested convenient takeaway produces excessive amounts of waste. Combining the messaging may enhance potential for behaviour change.

Read more: Home-delivered food has a huge climate cost. So which cuisine is the worst culprit?^[22]

In a world disrupted by COVID-19, the way we purchase and consume food is changing. The time is ripe to shape the online food environment to promote easy access to healthy and nutritious convenience food.

This article draws on research by former University of Sydney Masters students Andriana Korai and Celina Wang.

References

1. ^{^} online food delivery services (www.cambridge.org)
2. ^{^} spending three times more (ubernewsroomapi.10upcdn.com)
3. ^{^} US$200 billion industry (www.forbes.com)
4. ^{^} analysed data (www.mdpi.com)
5. ^{^} biggest consumers (www.roymorgan.com)
6. ^{^} Shutterstock (www.shutterstock.com)
7. ^{^} Want to be happier, healthier, save money? It's time to get cooking (theconversation.com)
8. ^{^} independent takeaway stores (www.mdpi.com)
9. ^{^} analysed the menu items (www.mdpi.com)
10. ^{^} Australian Dietary Guidelines (www.eatforhealth.gov.au)
11. ^{^} twice as likely (www.mdpi.com)
12. ^{^} Shutterstock (www.shutterstock.com)
13. ^{^} digital marketing analysis (www.cambridge.org)
14. ^{^} Combo meal deals and price discounts on fast food encourage us to eat more junk. It's time for policy action (theconversation.com)
15. ^{^} 16% of 18 to 24-year-olds are obese (www.aihw.gov.au)
16. ^{^} one in three people over 15 are obese (www.health.govt.nz)
17. ^{^} World Health Organization (www.euro.who.int)
18. ^{^} National Obesity Strategy (consultations.health.gov.au)
19. ^{^} asked for supportive food environments (consultations.health.gov.au)
20. ^{^} government policies (www.opc.org.au)
21. ^{^} Research (linkinghub.elsevier.com)
22. ^{^} Home-delivered food has a huge climate cost. So which cuisine is the worst culprit? (theconversation.com)