Fungal infections worldwide are becoming resistant to drugs and more deadly

Say “fungus” and most people in the world would probably visualize a mushroom.

But this fascinating and beautiful group of microbes has offered the world more than just foods like edible mushrooms. Fungi are also a source of antibiotics – for example, penicillin from Penicillium – as well as the yeasts and other fermentation agents that make bread rise, give cheese its flavor and put the alcohol in wine and beer.

Many people may also not realize that some fungi can cause disease. However, athlete’s foot, thrush, ringworm and other ailments are caused by fungi, and some are serious risks to health and life. That’s why the rise of antifungal resistance^[1] is a problem that needs more widespread attention – one equal to the better-recognized crises of multidrug-resistant microbes like the bacteria that cause tuberculosis.

I’ve worked in public health and medical laboratories^[2] for over three decades, specializing in^[3] public health and clinical microbiology, antimicrobial resistance and accurate science communication and health literacy. I’ve been paying close attention to the growing resistance of a pathogenic fungus called Candida auris to limited and commonly used anti-fungal agents. Since fungi have traditionally not caused major diseases, the emergence of drug-resistant fungi that can cause serious illness rarely receives funding for medical research.

But the facts suggest that this needs to change.

What’s a fungus?

Fungi-caused ailments are treated with specifically anti-fungal medications because these organisms are such a unique form of life.

Fungi are spore-producing organisms, including molds, yeast, mushrooms^[4] and toadstools. Among their unique characteristics, fungi feed on organic matter by decomposing it, rather than ingesting it like animals do, or absorbing nutrients through roots, as plants do. Unlike bacteria, which have simple prokaryotic cells^[5], or cells without a true nucleus, fungi have complex eukaryotic cells^[6] cells, which do have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane like animals and plants. In the multi-level taxonomy, or naming system, that biologists use to classify life forms, fungi are in their own kingdom^[7] under the domain of Eukarya.

Most fungal infections worldwide^[8] are caused by a genus of fungi called Candida, particularly the species called Candida albicans. But there are others, including Candida auris, which was first identified from an external ear canal discharge in 2009 in Japan^[9], and given its name for the Latin term for ear, “auris.”

Candida normally lives on the skin and inside the body, such as in the mouth, throat, gut and vagina, without causing any problems. It exists as a yeast and is thought of as normal flora, or the microbes that are part of humans. Only if our bodies are immuno-compromised do these fungi become opportunistic and cause disease. That is what’s happening worldwide with multidrug-resistant C. auris.^[10]

What is the concern about Candida auris?

Infections by C. auris ^[11], sometimes called fungemia, have been reported in 30 or more countries^[12], including the United States. They are often found in the blood, urine, sputum, ear discharge, cerebrospinal fluid and soft tissue, and occur in people of all ages. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, the mortality rate^[13] in the U.S. has been reported to be between 30% to 60% in many patients who had other serious illnesses. In a 2018 overview of research to date^[14] about the global spread of the fungus, researchers estimated mortality rates of 30% to 70% in C. auris outbreaks among critically ill patients in intensive care.

Research data^[15] shows that risk factors include recent surgery, diabetes and broad-spectrum antibiotic and antifungal use. People who are immuno-compromised are at greater risk than those with healthy immune systems.

C. auris can be difficult to identify^[16] with conventional microbiological culture techniques, which leads to frequent mis-identification and under recognition. This yeast is also known for its tenacity to easily colonize the human body and environment, including medical devices. People in nursing homes and patients who have lines and tubes^[17] that go into their bodies – like breathing tubes, feeding tubes and central venous catheters – seem to be at highest risk.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have set C. auris infections at an “urgent” threat level because^[18] 90% are resistant to at least one antifungal, 30% to two antifungals, and some are resistant to all three available classes of antifungals. This multidrug resistance has led to outbreaks in health care settings^[19], especially hospitals and nursing homes, that are extremely difficult to control.

COVID-19 and C. auris: An even deadlier combination

For hospitalized COVID-19 patients, antimicrobial-resistant infections^[20] may be a particularly devastating risk of hospitalization. The mechanical ventilators often used to treat serious COVID-19 are breeding grounds and highways for entry of environmental microbes like C. auris. Further, according to a September 2020 paper authored by researchers Anuradha Chowdhary and Amit Sharma^[21], hospitals in India treating COVID-19 have detected C. auris on surfaces including “bed rails, IV poles, beds, air conditioner ducts, windows and hospital floors.” The researchers termed the fungus a “lurking scourge” amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

The same researchers reported in a November 2020 publication^[22] that of 596 COVID-19-confirmed patients in a New Delhi ICU from April 2020 to July 2020, 420 patients required mechanical ventilation. Fifteen of these patients were infected with candidemia fungal disease and eight of those infected (53%) died. Ten of the 15 patients were infected with C. auris; six of them died (60%).

[Understand new developments in science, health and technology, each week. Subscribe to The Conversation’s science newsletter^[23].]

What next?

With the options for effective antifungals narrowing, the CDC is recommending^[24] a focus on stopping C. auris infections before they start. These steps include better hand hygiene and improving infection prevention and control^[25] in medical care settings, judicious and thoughtful use of antimicrobial medications, and stronger regulation limiting the over-the-counter availability of antibiotics.

In December of 2019 news emerged of a novel virus, SARS-CoV-2. Since then, most of us have been watching the terrifying headlines about the global pandemic, which has killed millions. But while we have been isolating ourselves in lockdown or quarantine, or just remaining physically distant from one another, the multidrug-resistant microbes of the world – including C. auris – have not.

References

1. ^{^} antifungal resistance (theconversation.com)
2. ^{^} public health and medical laboratories (rodneyerohde.wp.txstate.edu)
3. ^{^} specializing in (rodneyerohde.wp.txstate.edu)
4. ^{^} mushrooms (theconversation.com)
5. ^{^} prokaryotic cells (biologydictionary.net)
6. ^{^} eukaryotic cells (www.britannica.com)
7. ^{^} fungi are in their own kingdom (asm.org)
8. ^{^} fungal infections worldwide (www.cdc.gov)
9. ^{^} 2009 in Japan (doi.org)
10. ^{^} become opportunistic and cause disease (asm.org)
11. ^{^} Infections by C. auris (doi.org)
12. ^{^} 30 or more countries (www.cdc.gov)
13. ^{^} mortality rate (www.cdc.gov)
14. ^{^} In a 2018 overview of research to date (doi.org)
15. ^{^} Research data (www.cdc.gov)
16. ^{^} difficult to identify (www.cdc.gov)
17. ^{^} People in nursing homes and patients who have lines and tubes (www.doi.org)
18. ^{^} an “urgent” threat level because (www.cdc.gov)
19. ^{^} outbreaks in health care settings (doi.org)
20. ^{^} antimicrobial-resistant infections (www.forbes.com)
21. ^{^} a September 2020 paper authored by researchers Anuradha Chowdhary and Amit Sharma (doi.org)
22. ^{^} a November 2020 publication (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
23. ^{^} Subscribe to The Conversation’s science newsletter (theconversation.com)
24. ^{^} the CDC is recommending (www.cdc.gov)
25. ^{^} infection prevention and control (www.elsevier.com)