Want more research commercialisation? Then remove the barriers and give academics real incentives to do it

Research commercialisation in Australia has been getting more attention recently^[1], but researchers face major obstacles to achieving this. If Australia wants to get serious about commercialising research knowledge, then we have to look seriously at the obstacles and incentives for researchers.

Australia’s gross spending on research and development (R&D) funding has been in the lower half of OECD nations^[2] for the past 20 years. It peaked in 2008 and has been declining since^[3] then. This is the important context of recent federal budget announcements^[4] encouraging research commercialisation.

Read more: Our unis are far behind the world's best at commercialising research. Here are 3 ways to catch up^[5]

Universities and quality research production are suffering as part of this decline. It also helps to explain why international student income has been so important to modern day Australian universities and 27% of all university revenue in 2019^[6] before COVID.

What are the obstacles for academics?

Research commercialisation can’t occur without research being completed first. Universities are now at increased risk of losing critical research capacity^[7]. They are facing a compounded COVID-induced crisis of falling international student revenue^[8], sliding research funding, increased competition for available funding^[9] and insecure employment^[10].

Read more: Big-spending 'recovery budget' leaves universities out in the cold^[11]

Universities are no longer treated^[12] as valuable public institutions of public good despite legislation enshrining this status. Academia today, particularly in research focused positions, is like being self-employed in a large institution. The current senior academic is unlikely to have tenured secure employment. The workforce is increasingly comprised^[13] of casual and fixed-term appointments.

The majority of their time is now spent writing grant applications and applying for research funding^[14] at the cost of actually producing innovative, high quality research. The largest source of industry-focused federal funding, through Australian Research Council linkage grants^[15], don’t even support the salaries of chief or partner investigators.

This is in sharp contrast to other OECD nations. It’s no coincidence that Israel, with the highest proportion of research and development funding^[16] in the world, has one of the most successful research commercialisation models^[17]. Sales of products based on research by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem alone exceeds A$2 billion a year^[18]. Coincidentally, over 50% of the population of Israel^[19] has also been vaccinated for COVID-19 and the country is one of the first to approach herd immunity.

Read more: Chief Scientist: science will drive a post-pandemic manufacturing boom^[20]

It is critical to understand good research is the foundation for any future patent development. “Patent box^[21]” tax incentives with reduced tax rates are too far downstream to support development of research innovation and commercialisation.

Provide more direct support for commercialisation

There is currently no direct federal research funding to support research commercialisation in Australia. Universities must direct their own funding into start-up support or research commercialisation activity. That’s on top of funding teaching and internal research grants.

Uniquest’s^[22] record of commercialising research at the University of Queensland shows all research (not just biomedical or STEM) can be successfully commercialised with proper support. It’s a research commercialisation company specialising in global technology transfer. Supporting this activity are professional staff with expertise in business, legal, copyright, intellectual property and partnership development.

This sort of expertise is critical for connecting research knowledge to industry. In the case of UQ, it might also have influenced the Australian government’s decision to invest in the COVID vaccine trial.

Technology transfer offices^[23] are common in universities across North America and Europe^[24] but are rare in Australia. However, they must be linked to effective organisational practices to be successful.

Better incentives are needed to connect industry to research development beyond the basic tax incentives that are more attractive to large companies. Small and medium businesses have struggled to survive through COVID. They have no time to come looking for research innovation at universities or battle through complex negotiations over intellectual property.

Read more: To become an innovation nation, we really need to think smaller^[25]

This is why new research funding schemes are needed. These would provide direct funding to support the co-production of research with industry. This research would be designed to solve problems of society and industry and be customised to produce commercialised solutions.

Improve incentives for researchers

Academic career progression is still dominated by outcomes in research funding and peer-reviewed publications. Only recently has the importance of engagement with industry been acknowledged. This is in stark contrast to research commercialisation activities and partnerships which are time-consuming, not supported by national funding schemes and not measured by current academic KPIs.

Research translation (let alone research impact or research commercialisation) isn’t even officially recognised as research activity in the Commonwealth Higher Education Research Data Collection^[26] of research activities and income. It’s not surprising, then, that only 2.3% of publications^[27] from Australia have industry co-authors.

Read more: How to get the most out of research when universities and industry team up^[28]

National change is needed to create a pipeline of research commercialisation. More research and development tax incentives won’t drive this change.

Australia still lacks a coherent framework of research impact^[29]. Knowledge translation remains focused on traditional academic publications and conference presentations. Current definitions of research impact^[30] provide the bare minimum outcome of research contributing to economic, social, environmental or cultural benefit outside the academy and we have to do better. Trials of a research impact framework^[31] have stalled since 2018. Universities and research knowledge are of benefit to all in society not just those who work in the institutions and epidemiology partnering with government through COVID-19^[32] has been a great example of research impact at work.

Universities must change their approach too

Universities also need to change their financial operation models to support research commercialisation. Most institutions collect a higher proportion of income researchers bring to a university when research activity is deemed commercial. These indirect costs of research^[33] are used to fund infrastructure costs at universities like building costs and higher in commercial funding arrangements compared to competitive national research grants. Financial overheads cannot be collected from category 1 research funding sources such as the Australian Research Council and National Health and Medical Research Council, but Australian institutions can collect up to 50% of commercial research income. This relates to the broader problem of low research and development investment in Australia and the failure to adequately fund indirect costs of university research.

So where is the incentive for research commercialisation in our universities? It’s definitely not supported by current national funding arrangements or the majority of institutional policies.

Academic research needs R&D support for quality research and direct funding for research commercialisation if the nation is serious about harvesting the value of university research and innovation for industry.

We also need to better equip future researchers. This means training all PhD students to develop a deeper understanding and direct training in how to engage and develop their research with industry and government. It also means a clear national framework of research impact students learn early in their careers.

All PhD students need training in communication and partnership development skills. This is because developing research expertise is one part of the problem, but learning to develop partnerships, communicate and share knowledge with industry requires a very different set of soft skills^[34] that don’t come easily to many researchers.

This professional commercialisation expertise must be fostered and better supported in universities to recognise and seize commercial opportunities as they arise.

References

1. ^{^} recently (theconversation.com)
2. ^{^} lower half of OECD nations (data.oecd.org)
3. ^{^} declining since (www.abs.gov.au)
4. ^{^} federal budget announcements (ministers.treasury.gov.au)
5. ^{^} Our unis are far behind the world's best at commercialising research. Here are 3 ways to catch up (theconversation.com)
6. ^{^} 27% of all university revenue in 2019 (www.afr.com)
7. ^{^} increased risk of losing critical research capacity (www.theage.com.au)
8. ^{^} falling international student revenue (theconversation.com)
9. ^{^} increased competition for available funding (sciencenordic.com)
10. ^{^} insecure employment (theconversation.com)
11. ^{^} Big-spending 'recovery budget' leaves universities out in the cold (theconversation.com)
12. ^{^} no longer treated (theconversation.com)
13. ^{^} increasingly comprised (theconversation.com)
14. ^{^} writing grant applications and applying for research funding (bmjopen.bmj.com)
15. ^{^} Australian Research Council linkage grants (www.grants.gov.au)
16. ^{^} highest proportion of research and development funding (data.oecd.org)
17. ^{^} most successful research commercialisation models (theconversation.com)
18. ^{^} exceeds A$2 billion a year (www.afr.com)
19. ^{^} over 50% of the population of Israel (www.bbc.com)
20. ^{^} Chief Scientist: science will drive a post-pandemic manufacturing boom (theconversation.com)
21. ^{^} Patent box (www.atse.org.au)
22. ^{^} Uniquest’s (uniquest.com.au)
23. ^{^} Technology transfer offices (en.wikipedia.org)
24. ^{^} common in universities across North America and Europe (www.researchgate.net)
25. ^{^} To become an innovation nation, we really need to think smaller (theconversation.com)
26. ^{^} Higher Education Research Data Collection (www.dese.gov.au)
27. ^{^} 2.3% of publications (theconversation.com)
28. ^{^} How to get the most out of research when universities and industry team up (theconversation.com)
29. ^{^} coherent framework of research impact (files.eric.ed.gov)
30. ^{^} research impact (www.arc.gov.au)
31. ^{^} research impact framework (www.arc.gov.au)
32. ^{^} epidemiology partnering with government through COVID-19 (www.nature.com)
33. ^{^} indirect costs of research (policies.anu.edu.au)
34. ^{^} soft skills (academiac.net)