Australia has an ongoing GP shortage. Why can’t we just train more GPs?

If you have Australia is critically short of GPs – and the shortfall is growing^[1], predicted to be 8,600 GPs by 2048.

So why can’t we just train more? Despite new programs to attract medical graduates, there are multiple reasons Australia is struggling to keep up with demand.

Why is demand for GPs going up?

Demand for GP services is increasing because our population is changing.

Between June 2019 and June 2023, the Australian population grew by 5.2%^[2].

But more importantly, our population is ageing. Over the same period, the number of people aged 65 years and over increased by 13.1%^[3].

Older patients, especially those with multiple chronic conditions^[4], have a far higher demand for GP services than younger, healthy patients.

For example, in 2023 patients aged 10-14 years visited GPs an average of 3.5 times^[5]. Those aged 85 years or older averaged 17.3 GP visits^[6] in the same year.

Our ageing population means demand for GP services is increasing faster than the population is growing.

More GPs doesn’t mean more appointments

The number of GPs in Australia is actually going up. In recent years it has increased 5.1%, from 37,530 in 2019 to 39,449 in 2024^[8]. This mirrors total population growth.

However, the number of full-time equivalent GPs^[9] has decreased by 1.3%^[10] over the same period.

So, what’s going on? There are two main issues.

First, there has been a historical trend over the years where male GPs have been working fewer weekly hours^[11].

Second, the proportion of GPs who are female has been increasing for decades. There are now nearly as many^[12] female GPs (49.6%) as male (50.4%).

Female GPs have traditionally worked fewer hours than male GPs^[13]. This is partly due to female GPs taking greater carer responsibilities than their male peers^[14].

These two factors combined mean while the overall number of GPs has increased, the number of full-time equivalent GPs has decreased. This further exacerbates the shortfall of GPs.

General practice is not drawing graduates

As a profession, general practice has been finding it difficult to attract new graduates.

The latest Medical School Outcomes Database report showed only only 10.5%^[15] of graduates listed general practice as their first choice of specialisation.

Even when combined with those students who said they were considering a career as a rural generalist (a further 7.0%^[16]) this is not enough to meet the growing demand and more needs to be done to attract new graduates.

Why isn’t it attractive?

1. Lower financial incentives compared to other graduates

GPs earn less on average than other medical specialities. In 2021-22^[17], GPs (including full-time and part-time) reported a median total income of $A142,279. That’s close to half of what psychiatrists earned ($268,135), and significantly less than surgeons ($373,720) and anaesthetists ($432,234).

In addition, general practice faces greater pressure than most specialities to bulk bill patients. Bulk billing means the fee is covered by a Medicare rebate, with no charge to the patient.

But yearly increases to Medicare rebates have been well below the consumer price index (CPI) and for several years they were frozen altogether^[18].

At the same time, the costs of providing general practice care (including rent, wages for administrative staff and equipment) have risen far faster than the increases to Medicare rebates^[19]. This squeezes GPs who continue to bulk bill.

An increase to rebates for bulk billing incentive items in 2023 has likely relieved some of this pressure and has coincided with an increase in the number of patients being bulk billed^[20].

2. Training pathway

Another issue in attracting future GPs is the required training path for doctors once they finish their medical degree.

During their medical degree, all medical students spend time in general practice. Those who want to become GPs after this must enter a general practice training program as part of postgraduate study, after completing the first postgraduate year (also known as internship^[22]).

However when they graduate from their medical degree they are required to work exclusively in hospitals – where they are exposed to colleagues who are almost always hospital-trained (and have never worked as GPs). This means general practice becomes less visible as a career option to many junior doctors.

3. Conditions

Another barrier is those who leave hospital jobs to enter GP training lose many entitlements, such as a reduction in pay and paid parental leave.

Hospital junior doctors are employees under the medical practitioners award^[23], which includes paid parental leave.

But GP trainees are usually employed under minimum training standards^[24], which is not an award and does not have mandated employer-paid parental leave. (They may still qualify for the paid parental scheme via Centrelink.)

This is at a time when they often have significant student debt and may be considering starting a family.

What’s being done to attract new graduates?

As a consequence of all these factors, for the past couple of years GP training places^[25] have not been filled to capacity.

The good news is enrolments into GP training are headed in the right direction.

For 2025, the Australian GP training program^[26] positions are full^[27], an almost 20% increase on 2024 enrolments. That means there are 1,504 junior doctors who have accepted a training place for 2025.

It is still too early to tell if this increase is a one-off, why there has been improvement and whether or not it will be sustained.

There are several other pathways into GP training as well, including 32 places for doctors^[28] who want to train in Aboriginal Medical Services in rural and remote areas and some self-funded^[29] training options^[30].

What else do we need?

These are steps in the right direction. But more still needs to be done to attract a new generation of graduates to enjoy the benefits^[31] of working in general practice.

We need sustainable strategies to address the inequities between general practice and other specialities, particularly training pay and conditions.

Without support for general practice – which provides first point of contact, comprehensive, coordinated and long-term care^[32] – we risk drifting to a system which fragments care and Australians will increasingly receive piecemeal health care.

References

1. ^{^} growing (hwd.health.gov.au)
2. ^{^} grew by 5.2% (www.abs.gov.au)
3. ^{^} increased by 13.1% (www.abs.gov.au)
4. ^{^} multiple chronic conditions (bmcprimcare.biomedcentral.com)
5. ^{^} 3.5 times (hwd.health.gov.au)
6. ^{^} 17.3 GP visits (hwd.health.gov.au)
7. ^{^} David Fuentes Prieto/Shutterstock (www.shutterstock.com)
8. ^{^} 37,530 in 2019 to 39,449 in 2024 (hwd.health.gov.au)
9. ^{^} full-time equivalent GPs (hwd.health.gov.au)
10. ^{^} 1.3% (hwd.health.gov.au)
11. ^{^} fewer weekly hours (www.publish.csiro.au)
12. ^{^} nearly as many (hwd.health.gov.au)
13. ^{^} fewer hours than male GPs (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
14. ^{^} greater carer responsibilities than their male peers (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
15. ^{^} only 10.5% (medicaldeans.org.au)
16. ^{^} a further 7.0% (medicaldeans.org.au)
17. ^{^} 2021-22 (data.gov.au)
18. ^{^} frozen altogether (www.mja.com.au)
19. ^{^} increases to Medicare rebates (www1.racgp.org.au)
20. ^{^} being bulk billed (www.health.gov.au)
21. ^{^} doublelee/Shutterstock (www.shutterstock.com)
22. ^{^} internship (www.amc.org.au)
23. ^{^} the medical practitioners award (www.fairwork.gov.au)
24. ^{^} minimum training standards (gpra.org.au)
25. ^{^} GP training places (www1.racgp.org.au)
26. ^{^} Australian GP training program (www.health.gov.au)
27. ^{^} are full (www1.racgp.org.au)
28. ^{^} including 32 places for doctors (www.rvts.org.au)
29. ^{^} self-funded (www.acrrm.org.au)
30. ^{^} options (www.racgp.org.au)
31. ^{^} benefits (www.tandfonline.com)
32. ^{^} first point of contact, comprehensive, coordinated and long-term care (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)