NZ's political leaders are ignoring the mounting threats from AI – and that’s putting everyone at risk

As the 2023 election campaign enters its final days, there is an elephant in the room that politicians seem keen to ignore: the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and what it will mean for New Zealand’s economy, politics and society.

Developments over the past year, such as ChatGPT and Midjourney, have AI experts worried^[1] about the deeper consequences of these digital tools.

And they’re not alone. Global market research firm Ipsos found 63% of New Zealanders were nervous about AI^[2], even though only 35% understand ^[3] where it’s being used.

As a society, we rely on the government to take the lead on important issues like this. But there has been barely a peep on the topic from those seeking election this year. That relative silence should concern everyone.

The AI future is geting closer

During a recent election debate^[4], the leaders of both major political parties were asked if AI was a threat to humanity. Labour’s Chris Hipkins said “potentially”, while National’s Christopher Luxon said “there are good and bad parts”.

The leaders were also asked about a potential tax on AI^[5] to support workers who will eventually lose their jobs to this kind of technology. Hipkins said he was “not sure how to do that”, and Luxon said he thought “we are a long way from that”.

But we’re not.

In May 2023, 4,000 jobs were lost^[6] to AI in the United States alone. Global business consulting firm McKinsey has said 12 million American workers^[7] will need to switch jobs by 2030 as a consequence of generative AI^[8] – artificial intelligence capable of generating text, images and other media.

Read more: Artificial Intelligence should benefit society, not create threats^[9]

But AI will have wider societal implications than its impact on jobs. Over the past two decades, social media has contributed to a rise^[10] in misinformation, disinformation and political polarisation. New and more human-like AI bots – software programmed to complete repetitive tasks automatically – will make these threats even more pervasive^[11], and more difficult to combat.

The use of AI in health, government, employment and other contexts has the potential to reinforce existing biases and prejudices^[12], leading to inequitable outcomes.

This is especially true in Aotearoa, where AI models trained on Westernised data are ignorant of Māori tikanga and data sovereignty. AI is also putting minority languages at risk^[13] by defaulting to English

New Zealand is falling behind

The New Zealand government has been enthusiastic in using AI across the public service^[14] – from optimal scheduling of public hospital beds to helping decide whether an offender should be released from prison. But local lawmakers have been falling behind the rest of the world when it comes to regulating the technology.

The European Union’s AI Act^[15] is expected to pass into law by the end of 2023. This legislation is complex, but at its core it will classify AI tools into different categories of risk (from banned uses to no risk), with corresponding legislative requirements for deployment and monitoring.

The Union’s data privacy laws^[16] may also provide citizens with the “right to an explanation^[17]” on decisions made by AI systems.

Canada has announced a voluntary code of conduct^[18] with six core principles for organisations to follow when developing safe and responsible generative AI systems.

Even in the US – considered the centre of AI innovation – individual states are passing laws^[19] addressing the perceived threats of AI. At the federal level, the senate judiciary has held hearings^[20] on the regulation of AI.

Read more: We need to prepare for the public safety hazards posed by artificial intelligence^[21]

There may be (small) signs of progress at home. In July, the office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Adviser released an article^[22] about New Zealand’s current response to AI and the challenges around regulation.

Labour’s recently released election manifesto^[23] mentions AI twice in its 74 pages, with a promise of a “just transition” for AI-affected workers. But the manifesto doesn’t describe what this transition would look like.

National’s “Boosting the Tech Sector” policy document^[24] states that a new “minister of technology” will ensure AI is used “safely and ethically” – without detailing what this means or how it will be enforced.

The Green Party’s digital policy^[25] provides overarching principles for regulating digital technology, such as social responsibility (reducing inequality) and honouring Te Tiriti. Again, however, the policy does not specifically address AI.

The other parties do not appear to have readily available technology policies on their websites.

Leaders need to go further on AI

Clearly, there is a way to go on policy development. New Zealand needs stronger data privacy laws recognising data is a taonga^[26] (treasure), and which require informed consent for use in AI training and processing.

Well-resourced, specialised policing that can investigate the use of deepfakes^[27] for identity theft^[28] and revenge porn^[29] are also needed.

And there needs to be regulation on what is and isn’t allowed to be automated with AI. For example, should the government automate benefit eligibility decisions or should the justice system use AI for low-level sentencing^[30]?

Economically, how can the profits of AI applications that use local data be kept within New Zealand? In the absence of a clear, homegrown AI strategy, Aotearoa will miss out on the opportunity to foster AI that benefits everyone.

Without active government regulation, New Zealanders and their political system could be vulnerable to manipulation^[31] by malign foreign interests.

The country needs to invest in its workforce to meet the changes being wrought by AI, and embrace Māori-driven^[32] AI research^[33] that establishes New Zealand as a creator of technologies that work for its people, not against them.

References

1. ^{^} AI experts worried (www.rnz.co.nz)
2. ^{^} were nervous about AI (www.ipsos.com)
3. ^{^} 35% understand (www.ipsos.com)
4. ^{^} recent election debate (www.newshub.co.nz)
5. ^{^} potential tax on AI (www.ibfd.org)
6. ^{^} 4,000 jobs were lost (www.bloomberg.com)
7. ^{^} 12 million American workers (fortune.com)
8. ^{^} generative AI (www.digital.govt.nz)
9. ^{^} Artificial Intelligence should benefit society, not create threats (theconversation.com)
10. ^{^} contributed to a rise (www.tandfonline.com)
11. ^{^} even more pervasive (www.theatlantic.com)
12. ^{^} biases and prejudices (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
13. ^{^} putting minority languages at risk (theconversation.com)
14. ^{^} using AI across the public service (theconversation.com)
15. ^{^} AI Act (www.europarl.europa.eu)
16. ^{^} data privacy laws (gdpr-info.eu)
17. ^{^} right to an explanation (www.europarl.europa.eu)
18. ^{^} voluntary code of conduct (www.canada.ca)
19. ^{^} states are passing laws (www.bclplaw.com)
20. ^{^} held hearings (www.theguardian.com)
21. ^{^} We need to prepare for the public safety hazards posed by artificial intelligence (theconversation.com)
22. ^{^} released an article (www.pmcsa.ac.nz)
23. ^{^} election manifesto (www.labour.org.nz)
24. ^{^} policy document (www.national.org.nz)
25. ^{^} digital policy (www.greens.org.nz)
26. ^{^} data is a taonga (e-tangata.co.nz)
27. ^{^} deepfakes (www.theguardian.com)
28. ^{^} identity theft (www.dhs.gov)
29. ^{^} revenge porn (news.bloomberglaw.com)
30. ^{^} low-level sentencing (www.csis.org)
31. ^{^} vulnerable to manipulation (www.dpmc.govt.nz)
32. ^{^} Māori-driven (tehiku.nz)
33. ^{^} AI research (designassembly.org.nz)