Pope Francis is recovering from hernia surgery. But what exactly is a hernia?

The first sign of a hernia may be a painful or noticeable bulge in your groin on either side of the pubic bone. Shutterstock^[9]

2. Femoral hernias

Fatty tissue or a bit of the small bowel can also poke into two deeper passages in the groin called the femoral canals. Hernias through these passages are known as femoral hernias. They’re far less common than inguinal hernias and are much more common^[10] in women than in men.

3. Umbilical hernias

These occur when fatty tissue or a bit of the small bowel bulges through the opening of the abdominal muscles close to the belly button.

They are most common^[11] in newborns and infants younger than six months. They result from the abdominal opening that the umbilical cord passes through not sealing properly after birth.

The vast majority of these hernias don’t cause any issues and will disappear by the time the child is five years old.

Adults can get umbilical hernias too. Risk factors^[12] include being overweight and having a chronic condition that increases abdominal pressure, such as a chronic cough or fluid in the abdomen (called ascites) that often arises from liver disease.

There are different types of hernia, some more common than others. Shutterstock^[13]

4. Hiatus hernias

These occur when the upper part of the stomach bulges through the large muscle separating the abdomen and chest (the diaphragm). You’re more likely^[14] to develop these if you are older or overweight.

Many people with small hiatus hernias will have no symptoms. But in some people, large ones can be associated with reflux symptoms, such as heartburn and regurgitation.

Read more: Explainer: what is gastric reflux?^[15]

5. Incisional hernias

These hernias can occur after surgery, which is what happened with Pope Francis.

These arise when there is a weakness in the abdominal wall located at the site of a cut made during a previous operation. Pope Francis’ incisional hernia was repaired because the loops of small bowel in that hernia were getting partially blocked and causing pain.

Surgery may be needed to remove a hernia. Shutterstock^[16]

6. Others

There are several other types of hernias. These include muscle hernias^[17] where part of the muscle can poke through surrounding tissue. These are most common in leg muscles after an injury.

What to do about a hernia?

The first sign of an inguinal or femoral hernia may be a painful or noticeable bulge in your groin. This bulge will generally become more noticeable when you stand up, cough or strain during a bowel movement. For umbilical or incisional hernias, you may notice a bulge on the abdomen.

You should seek urgent medical attention if you have a hernia and experience severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, difficulty in passing wind or if the hernia becomes very firm and tender. This could signify^[18] the blood supply to the bit of bowel inside the hernia is cut off or the bowel has become twisted and is fully blocked.

Fortunately, the vast majority^[19] of abdominal hernias can be repaired with surgery.

In many cases, such as with Pope Francis, this surgery is carried out with the assistance of a surgical mesh. This is a medical device that supports damaged tissue around hernias as it heals. Mesh helps to reduce the risk^[20] of a hernia returning.

Most people are able to go home the same day or the day after surgery, with a full recovery expected within a few weeks.

Read more: Surgery rates are rising in over-85s but the decision to operate isn't always easy^[21]

Read more https://theconversation.com/pope-francis-is-recovering-from-hernia-surgery-but-what-exactly-is-a-hernia-207294