Homeless numbers have jumped since COVID housing efforts ended – and the problem is spreading beyond the big cities

The numbers of people who are homeless have risen sharply across Australia, with soaring housing costs emerging as the biggest driver of the increase. The Australian Homelessness Monitor 2022^[1], released today, reports that the average monthly number of people using homelessness services increased by 8% in the four years to 2021-22. That’s double the population growth rate over that period.

Just as in other countries^[2], the 2020 COVID-19 emergency accommodation programs achieved sudden reductions in rough sleeping^[3] in cities such as Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. But these remarkable gains were only temporary.

Read more: States housed 40,000 people for the COVID emergency. Now rough sleeper numbers are back on the up^[4]

In the first major homelessness analysis spanning the COVID crisis years, we also show numbers have been rising in some parts of the country at rates far above the national trend. The problem has been growing especially rapidly in non-metropolitan areas. This trend is consistent with the boom in regional housing prices^[5] and, more especially, rents^[6] sparked by the pandemic.

The homelessness that has long been a sad feature of our biggest cities has clearly spread to regional and rural Australia.

Many other patterns in the changing scale and nature of homelessness in Australia are ongoing trends that pre-date the 2020-21 public health emergency. This period appears to have had relatively little effect on these trajectories, which include a growing proportion of older adults, as well as First Nations peoples and those affected by mental ill-health.

As the chart below shows, unaffordable housing^[7] is playing an increasing role in people becoming homeless.

Social housing programs are welcome but overdue

The pandemic triggered significant and welcome commitments to social housing programs by the new federal government and some state governments. The recent federal budget confirmed funding for 20,000 new social housing dwellings^[8] over five years.

Several states had already announced a set of self-funded programs of a similar scale^[9] as part of their post-COVID economic recovery measures.

Social housing offers secure tenancies at below-market rents. It’s a crucial resource^[10] for both preventing and resolving homelessness.

Read more: 1 million homes target makes headlines, but can't mask modest ambition of budget's housing plans^[11]

Together, these new programs will – at least temporarily – halt the long-term decline in social housing capacity. The sector’s share of the nation’s housing stock has been shrinking for most of the past 25 years^[12].

By our reckoning, the government programs should deliver a net increase of about 9,000 social rental dwellings in 2024. This will be the first year for decades in which enough dwellings will be built to maintain the sector’s share of Australia’s occupied housing stock.

But sustaining this achievement will require more funding beyond the current commitments. Otherwise, the decline will resume.

Affordability is the big issue, but some need other help

As a recent Productivity Commission report^[13] acknowledged, homelessness is primarily a housing problem. In its words^[14], “fundamentally, homelessness is a result of not being able to afford housing”.

While other reasons do contribute to some people becoming homeless, most people experiencing homelessness have no long-term need for personal support. And many who do have high support needs can access and keep tenancies when suitable affordable housing is available.

Read more: 'I've been on the waiting list for over 20 years': why social housing suitable for people with disabilities is desperately needed^[15]

At the same time, the most disadvantaged rough sleepers may require a great deal of help to overcome their problems. The widely acclaimed^[16] “housing first” model successfully does this. As other recent research^[17] emphasises, for many chronic rough sleepers helped into secure housing, withdrawing such support – even after three years – markedly increases their risk of becoming homeless again.

Australian governments need to better recognise the case for expanding the supply of permanent supportive housing. This involves integrating long-term affordable housing with ongoing support services where required.

Only a few such projects operate in Australia. There is no general framework to fund them, especially the support services.

Lengthy rough sleeping is typically a symptom of societal failure. All too often, for those affected, this failure starts from infancy.

Read more: Eliminating most homelessness is achievable. It starts with prevention and 'housing first'^[18]

Housing the chronically homeless pays for itself

The Productivity Commission report advocated^[19] a “high-needs-based [social] housing subsidy to ensure housing is affordable and tenancies can be sustained”. Logically, since this is essentially a social work (not social security) responsibility, it is the states and territories, and not the Commonwealth, that should bear the cost.

This may sound like a big ask for underfunded governments. But state and territory budgets stand to benefit from avoiding the costs that recurrent and chronic homelessness imposes on departments such as health and justice. As our previous research shows^[20], we spend enormous amounts of public money responding to the consequences of leaving people in a state of chronic homelessness.

A model for funding permanent supportive housing needs to be developed. Ideally, this process should involve all Australian governments, perhaps as part of discussions to advance the National Housing and Homelessness Plan^[21]. Federal Labor pledged^[22] this project will take shape in 2023.

More broadly, these deliberations must be underpinned by recognition that our current ways of developing, operating and commodifying^[23] housing produce homelessness. A plan to end homelessness requires a plan to overhaul our housing system so it produces enough suitable and affordable housing for all Australians.

Read more: The market has failed to give Australians affordable housing, so don't expect it to solve the crisis^[24]

The authors acknowledge research funder Launch Housing^[25].

References

1. ^{^} Australian Homelessness Monitor 2022 (www.launchhousing.org.au)
2. ^{^} as in other countries (www.crisis.org.uk)
3. ^{^} sudden reductions in rough sleeping (theconversation.com)
4. ^{^} States housed 40,000 people for the COVID emergency. Now rough sleeper numbers are back on the up (theconversation.com)
5. ^{^} housing prices (www.theguardian.com)
6. ^{^} rents (www.abc.net.au)
7. ^{^} unaffordable housing (www.aihw.gov.au)
8. ^{^} 20,000 new social housing dwellings (ministers.treasury.gov.au)
9. ^{^} self-funded programs of a similar scale (thefifthestate.com.au)
10. ^{^} a crucial resource (www.tandfonline.com)
11. ^{^} 1 million homes target makes headlines, but can't mask modest ambition of budget's housing plans (theconversation.com)
12. ^{^} shrinking for most of the past 25 years (cityfutures.ada.unsw.edu.au)
13. ^{^} report (www.pc.gov.au)
14. ^{^} its words (www.communityhousing.com.au)
15. ^{^} 'I've been on the waiting list for over 20 years': why social housing suitable for people with disabilities is desperately needed (theconversation.com)
16. ^{^} widely acclaimed (theconversation.com)
17. ^{^} other recent research (www.iza.org)
18. ^{^} Eliminating most homelessness is achievable. It starts with prevention and 'housing first' (theconversation.com)
19. ^{^} advocated (www.communityhousing.com.au)
20. ^{^} previous research shows (theconversation.com)
21. ^{^} National Housing and Homelessness Plan (www.ahuri.edu.au)
22. ^{^} pledged (theconversation.com)
23. ^{^} commodifying (theconversation.com)
24. ^{^} The market has failed to give Australians affordable housing, so don't expect it to solve the crisis (theconversation.com)
25. ^{^} Launch Housing (www.launchhousing.org.au)