Will Russia's invasion of Ukraine push Europe towards energy independence and faster decarbonisation?

Rising energy prices were already causing tensions before the invasion, as these protests from London on February 12th demonstrate. Andy Rain/EPA

Why Russia matters to world energy consumers

The export of fossil fuels is central to the Russian economy. The nation of 145 million is one of the world’s largest energy exporters^[5]. Russia is the leading exporter of gas, the second largest of crude oil, and third largest coal exporter.

But Russia is well aware^[6] of its vulnerability in selling fossil fuels to Europe, which is committed to decarbonisation.

The coal lobby in Russia has been actively seeking to expand its Asian markets for years now, due to the risk to exports posed by European climate driven restrictions.

While Europe remains the largest export market for gas, Russia wants to diversify here too by increasing supplies^[7] to China.

In 2019, the Power of Siberia pipeline began transporting gas from Siberia directly to China. Only weeks before the invasion of Ukraine, Russia announced a deal^[8] for a new pipeline to China.

We are likely to see Russia’s pivot towards Asia intensify in the current climate.

Europe needs the Russia-Germany Nord Stream series of gas pipelines - but for how long? This image is from the construction of the first pipeline in 2010. Dmitry Lovetsky/AP

Will this speed up the shift to renewables?

It was only in January that Germany’s new climate and economy minister announced major new measures^[9] to accelerate his nation’s slowing renewable roll-out and power industry with clean energy.

And now? We believe the crisis has the potential to accelerate Europe’s trend toward renewables, as it seeks to reduce its reliance on Russian gas.

We may see increased efforts to shift to interdependent renewable generation, such as the proposed offshore windfarms^[10] intended to be shared by multiple European nations.

But this is not guaranteed. In the near term, there is a huge risk that the crisis in Ukraine focuses attention on energy security at the expense of decarbonisation.

Read more: How Russia hooked Europe on its oil and gas – and overcame US efforts to prevent energy dependence on Moscow^[11]

We may see a return to coal power. Countries like Germany may even be forced to rethink or delay their nuclear phase out.

Other major fossil fuel exporters such as Australia are already lining up^[12] to fill any gaps in European markets.

What does this mean for international climate efforts?

Long regarded a notorious laggard, Russia has not been a willing participant in international climate negotiations.

In the lead up to Glasgow’s COP26 climate conference last year, Russia hinted it might be open^[13] to taking a more serious line on climate action. Putin committed the country to carbon neutrality by 2060, and domestic policy developments^[14] in recent months suggested a shift was underway.

The war will obviously hinder this. Any potential for greater climate engagement with Russia before the next major climate meeting in Egypt later this year is off the table for the time being.

This is a setback for international climate efforts, given Russia’s role as one of the world’s top five^[15] greenhouse gas emitters.

Is other environmental damage likely?

Both traditional and cyber warfare can add substantially to climate emissions and wreak havoc on the environment and on many species. The serious implications for present and future generations were dramatically highlighted this morning with the Russian takeover ^[16]of Chernobyl.

It is not known what Russia plans to do, but the targeted destruction of nuclear facilities, either as a weapon or an act of defensive deterrence, would likely breach international law.

Russia’s President Vladimir Putin may have an outsized influence on energy trends due to the war. Shutterstock

Wanton environmental destruction is a war crime, on par with targeting of the civilian population and the destruction of cultural heritage. In 2020, the Red Cross issued guidelines^[17] for protecting the environment during wartime.

These make the obligations of combatants very clear, though there is a weak history of accountability^[18].

This is a real issue. The founding document of the International Criminal Court notes it is a war crime to intentionally cause “widespread, long-term, and severe damage to the natural environment”, assuming it was clearly excessive relative to the military advantage gained.

Russia signed this document, the Rome statute, in 2000 but never ratified the agreement to become a member. In 2016, Russia announced its withdrawal^[19] from the International Criminal Court altogether.

This came after the court ruled Russia’s activity in Crimea following the 2014 annexation of that region amounted to an “ongoing occupation”.

The international community has also come to a historic agreement about the definition of ecocide^[20] in 2021, as “unlawful or wanton acts committed with knowledge that there is a substantial likelihood of severe and widespread or long-term damage to the environment being caused by those acts”.

That means it is possible the Russian government may be held to account for environmental as well as humanitarian impacts of its aggression.

Read more: Five essential commodities that will be hit by war in Ukraine^[21]

Read more https://theconversation.com/will-russias-invasion-of-ukraine-push-europe-towards-energy-independence-and-faster-decarbonisation-177914

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