The Times Australia
The Times World News

.
Times Media

.

NZ's confirmed COVID case numbers are rising fast, but total infections are likely much higher – here's why

  • Written by Dion O'Neale, Project Lead - COVID Modeling Aotearoa; Senior Lecturer - Department of Physics, University of Auckland; Principal Investigator - Te Pūnaha Matatini, University of Auckland
NZ's confirmed COVID case numbers are rising fast, but total infections are likely much higher – here's why

With Aotearoa New Zealand’s move into phase 3[1] of its response to the Omicron outbreak, new definitions and protocols for testing and isolation will mean new ways of measuring the impact of COVID-19.

Broadly speaking, there are two aspects to this new regime. The first relates to the changing definitions of who counts as a close contact, and what their isolation requirements are.

The second concerns testing processes, advice for who should get tested when, what sort of test they should take, and how the result is recorded. Switching to phase 3 means a switch to predominantly using rapid antigen tests (RATs).

Testing policy is important because the number of confirmed or probable cases informs our estimate of the number of underlying infections.

New confirmed cases are a lagging indicator of new infections, but a leading indicator of other important metrics like hospitalisations. The more we know about who is newly infected and where, the better we can plan individual and community responses to the outbreak.

RATs and risk

With the high case numbers[2] we’re now seeing with Omicron, speed is key in returning test results. Quick results mean people can modify their behaviour accordingly and isolate if necessary. The sooner people receive a positive result, the sooner they can notify recent contacts, and those people can also isolate.

When case numbers are high, the risk of a false positive from a RAT is very low. This means the extra value from having a more sensitive PCR test is reduced compared with when we had lower case numbers.

Read more: As New Zealand's Omicron infections rise rapidly, genome surveillance is shifting gears[3]

Conversely, when case numbers in the community are high, there is a risk of false negative results on a RAT for someone who either has symptoms or is a close contact of a confirmed case.

In such cases the prudent course of action would be to take a second test – either another RAT or a PCR test – and to assume there is still a decent chance you may be infected.

People who have no known exposure to a confirmed case, and no symptoms, can be relatively confident in the accuracy of a negative result from a RAT. And regardless of test results, anyone with COVID-like symptoms should be isolating until they recover from whatever is causing those symptoms, COVID or otherwise.

Estimating actual infection numbers

The move to phase 3 acknowledges that infection and confirmed cases are becoming high enough that many of the processes for monitoring and planning will be stretched and may become inaccurate.

As the number of infections rise, we can expect the “case ascertainment rate” (CAR) will start to fall. The CAR is a measurement of the percentage of total infections at a given point in time that are turned into confirmed cases.

Read more: 15 things not to do when using a rapid antigen test, from storing in the freezer to sampling snot[4]

That is, given an observed number of confirmed cases, how many infections do we think are actually in the community, including those that are unconfirmed?

Keeping track of this metric at different stages of the outbreak is important. When isolation requirements for close contacts relax, infections may increase, while fewer people will be eligible for testing.

Or, people may test positive on a self-administered RAT but not report it. Both of these lead to higher numbers of unconfirmed infections.

Why accurate numbers matter

The only way to accurately estimate the CAR is through an “infection prevalence survey”. An example is the UK’s Office of National Statistics (ONS) survey[5], one of the strongest aspects of the UK’s otherwise patchy COVID response.

This randomised survey tries to directly measure the fraction of people who are infected with COVID at any point in time. A well-designed survey makes sure to sample sufficient people in different demographic groups and with different infection risk factors.

Read more: How accurate is your RAT? 3 scenarios show it's about more than looking for lines[6]

Modelling can estimate the number of infections in different populations, subject to different assumptions. But without an infection prevalence survey, or equivalent data, only confirmed cases can be directly observed.

Since confirmed cases are an unknown fraction of total infections, and this fraction changes over time, it’s important to be able to accurately estimate the underlying infection numbers to validate such modelling.

And since infection numbers are a leading indication for hospitalisations, they are valuable for planning adjustments to processes or policies, such as testing or isolation.

Case numbers a fraction of the whole Without an infection prevalence survey it is necessary to fall back on less accurate measures of infection estimates. For example, the fraction of people admitted to hospital who test positive for COVID is an unreliable estimate of infection prevalence because it is biased by a large number of factors that are difficult to control for. Namely, people rarely turn up at hospital for random reasons. Many of the same factors that might drive hospital admissions, even for reasons not directly linked to COVID, are nonetheless related to COVID infection risk. Read more: How accurate is your RAT? 3 scenarios show it's about more than looking for lines[7] As an example of infection prevalence data in action, in early January 2022, the UK recorded an average of around 200,000 daily confirmed cases[8]. The ONS survey estimated just under 4 million[9] people were infected at the time. Details around the length of the survey period during which people might test positive can affect the exact value of the CAR. But the UK figures paint a picture of only a small fraction of infections being detected, even with RATs being provided frequently and free to every household. With access to testing in Aotearoa being more limited than in the UK, we might expect our CAR to be even lower, and hence the number of reported cases is likely to significantly undercount true infections. But without an infection prevalence survey, it’s difficult to tell exactly how much we are undercounting by. Kylie Stewart from Te Matatini o te Horapa[10] contributed to this article. References^ phase 3 (covid19.govt.nz)^ high case numbers (www.rnz.co.nz)^ As New Zealand's Omicron infections rise rapidly, genome surveillance is shifting gears (theconversation.com)^ 15 things not to do when using a rapid antigen test, from storing in the freezer to sampling snot (theconversation.com)^ survey (www.ons.gov.uk)^ How accurate is your RAT? 3 scenarios show it's about more than looking for lines (theconversation.com)^ How accurate is your RAT? 3 scenarios show it's about more than looking for lines (theconversation.com)^ 200,000 daily confirmed cases (coronavirus.data.gov.uk)^ 4 million (www.ons.gov.uk)^ Te Matatini o te Horapa (www.hrc.govt.nz)

Read more https://theconversation.com/nzs-confirmed-covid-case-numbers-are-rising-fast-but-total-infections-are-likely-much-higher-heres-why-177901

The Times Features

Amazon Australia and DoorDash announce two-year DashPass offer only for Prime members

New and existing Prime members in Australia can enjoy a two-year membership to DashPass for free, and gain access to AU$0 delivery fees on eligible DoorDash orders New offer co...

6 things to do if your child’s weight is beyond the ideal range – and 1 thing to avoid

One of the more significant challenges we face as parents is making sure our kids are growing at a healthy rate. To manage this, we take them for regular check-ups with our GP...

Joykids Australia Presents the Joykids Family Rave: A Weekend Adventure Like No Other

Get ready to kick off the first day of summer and the festive season with an unforgettable family adventure! Joykids Australia is excited to announce the Joykids Family Rave—an...

New study suggests weight loss drugs like Ozempic could help with knee pain. Here’s why there may be a link

The drug semaglutide, commonly known by the brand names Ozempic or Wegovy, was originally developed[1] to help people with type 2 diabetes manage their blood sugar levels. How...

Maintaining Your Pool After a Marble Interior Upgrade

After upgrading your pool with a marble interior, it’s crucial to understand that maintenance is key to preserving its elegance and longevity. You’ll want to regularly skim for d...

Labor using explanatory document to hide true powers of Misinformation Bill

The opinions and commentary of individuals could be deemed misinformation under Labor’s proposed legislation changes, according to James McComish of Victorian Bar. Appearing in...

Times Magazine

Microbes living on air a global phenomenon

UNSW researchers have found their previous discovery of bacteria living on air in Antarctica is likely a process that occurs globally, further supporting the potential existence of microbial life on alien planets.   In their first follow-up t...

How to Reduce the Risk of Motorhome Tyre Dry Rot

Motorhomes are large vehicles that may frequently stay out of use for long periods of time while exposed to the weather. As you can expect, the vehicle's weight is always concentrated in one spot on the tyre, and this constant exposure to the wea...

How Long Do Refurbished iPhones Last?

When considering a refurbished iPhone, one common question arises: How long will it last? Refurbished phones offer a cost-effective way to own high-quality technology, but their longevity is a crucial factor in the decision-making process. Let’s ex...

Essential Maintenance Tips for Keeping Your Swift Springs in Good Shape

Swift springs are a special kind of spring that has been around for centuries. They were first used in clockmaking and other intricate mechanical devices, but over time, they have evolved to become a vital part of a variety of different industries...

Craft the Comfort of Childhood With Puppet Toys

Puppet toys have been a beloved form of entertainment for children for centuries. Not only are they incredibly fun for kids, but they also offer valuable developmental benefits. From fostering imaginative play to exploring emotions, puppets can be ...

A Guide to Switchboard Selection and Maintenance

Switchboards are essential components in any electrical distribution system, serving as the central hub that manages and distributes electricity throughout a building or facility. The proper selection and maintenance of switchboards are crucial for...