Drug detection dogs often get it wrong, and it's a policing practice that needs to stop

Drug detection dogs are a street-level^[1] policing strategy that has now been used in Australia for more than 25 years.

The stated intent of this policy was to target drug supply. However, in 2006, the NSW Ombudsman^[2] showed most people detected by the dogs either had no drugs at all or were people who use drugs - not those who supply drugs.

Since that time, increasing evidence has challenged the effectiveness^[3] and legality^[4] of this policing strategy. In addition, a 2018 study^[5] of people who use drugs found Australia had one of the highest reported incidences of drug dog encounters. This occurred most often at festivals, on public transport, and in licensed premises.

In fact, policing and law enforcement, including police drug dogs operations, accounts for nearly two-thirds of Australian government spending on illegal drugs^[6].

Evidence suggests drug dogs do not deter people from using drugs^[7]. However, much of the evidence base for these arguments focuses on festival settings. Relatively little is known about experiences in non-festival settings and among different groups of people who use drugs (that is, those who do not typically attend festivals).

Our recent research shows police drug dogs are both an ineffective^[8] and inequitable^[9] strategy, which may carry health, social, and legal risks.

We have recently published two studies about police drug dog encounters among two samples of people who regularly use drugs. The Ecstasy and Related Drug Reporting System (EDRS)^[10] includes interviews with people who regularly use ecstasy and/or other illicit stimulants, and the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS)^[11] includes interviews with people who regularly inject drugs.

An ineffective strategy

We used data from our surveys with people who regularly use ecstasy to describe drug dog encounters at music festivals^[12]. This included how individuals responded to the presence of dogs and how they prepared for anticipated encounters.

We found encounters with drug dogs at festivals were common. In fact, the vast majority (94%) of those who reported such encounters said they had anticipated the presence of drug dogs. However, rather than being deterred from using or carrying drugs into the festival, participants reported taking steps to try to avoid detection by dogs.

Consistent with previous research^[13], those who expected to see police drug dogs at the festival described trying to hide their drugs well, or taking their drugs before entering the festival. Both of these approaches to avoiding detection have been shown to increase the risk of overdose and other adverse events^[14], a cause for considerable concern following the deaths of two men^[15] at a New South Wales music festival in October.

Our findings reinforce concerns that the growing normalisation of drug dogs may actually be reducing their efficacy^[16]. Based on our research, we believe drug detection dogs should no longer be used in festival settings.

Read more: It's time to change our drug dog policies to catch dealers, not low-level users at public events^[17]

An inequitable approach

In a second study, we explored encounters with drug detection dogs in non-festival settings among different groups of people who use drugs^[18].

We found both samples of people commonly reported encounters with drug dogs in locations beyond festivals. These occurred most often at public transport hubs and other public places.

Compared with those who regularly inject drugs, those who regularly use ecstasy were more likely to have reported an encounter with drug dogs in non-festival settings over the last 12 months (32% and 21%, respectively). By contrast, we found people who inject drugs were over three times more likely to report being stopped and searched by police, and to experience criminal justice consequences, despite being no more likely to be carrying drugs at the time of encounter.

We cannot provide a definitive reason for this discrepancy. However, it seems plausible that it is reflective of sociodemographic differences between the two samples. That is, our sample of people who inject drugs experience much higher levels of social disadvantage and previous engagement with the criminal justice system.

Existing evidence indicates that prior interactions with police increase the likelihood of a stop and/or search encounter with police drug dogs^[19]. It also shows people who inject drugs often experience police harassment, violence, and stigmatising language^[20]. Although the latter of these accounts relate to police encounters more broadly, it could be argued that drug detection dogs are being used in Australia as tools to target, harass and criminalise the most marginalised groups of people who use drugs in society.

Read more: Testing festival goers' pills isn't the only way to reduce overdoses. Here's what else works^[21]

Continued use of drug detection dogs may exacerbate health and social harms to an already marginalised group. Such strategies are also in conflict with Australia’s national drug strategy objective of harm minimisation^[22], and with Australia’s commitments under human rights laws to provide access to health care and to protect individuals, families and communities from drug related harm^[23].

Our findings, combined with the existing research, suggest police drug dogs are ineffective and inequitable. They should be removed from all community settings, including music festivals, public transportation hubs, and other public places.

References

1. ^{^} street-level (journals.sagepub.com)
2. ^{^} NSW Ombudsman (www.ombo.nsw.gov.au)
3. ^{^} effectiveness (www.tandfonline.com)
4. ^{^} legality (www8.austlii.edu.au)
5. ^{^} 2018 study (www.sciencedirect.com)
6. ^{^} drugs (ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au)
7. ^{^} using drugs (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
8. ^{^} ineffective (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
9. ^{^} inequitable (www.sciencedirect.com)
10. ^{^} Ecstasy and Related Drug Reporting System (EDRS) (ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au)
11. ^{^} Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) (ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au)
12. ^{^} music festivals (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
13. ^{^} previous research (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
14. ^{^} adverse events (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
15. ^{^} deaths of two men (www.smh.com.au)
16. ^{^} efficacy (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
17. ^{^} It's time to change our drug dog policies to catch dealers, not low-level users at public events (theconversation.com)
18. ^{^} people who use drugs (www.sciencedirect.com)
19. ^{^} police drug dogs (www.sciencedirect.com)
20. ^{^} stigmatising language (search.informit.org)
21. ^{^} Testing festival goers' pills isn't the only way to reduce overdoses. Here's what else works (theconversation.com)
22. ^{^} harm minimisation (www.health.gov.au)
23. ^{^} drug related harm (www.unodc.org)