Australia’s least wanted – 8 alien species and diseases we must keep out of our island home

The invasion curve shows the cost of managing an incursion at various stages. Prevention is much cheaper than dealing with invaders after they arrive, and early eradication is much cheaper than longer-term containment or control. Invasive Species Council, CC BY-SA^[5]

Read more: The true damage of invasive alien species was just revealed in a landmark report. Here's how we must act^[6]

One of the biggest threats to biodiversity

Alien species are those deliberately or accidentally introduced to areas where they are not native. If they cause problems, we call them invasive.

Invasive alien species include weeds, feral animals, exotic pests and diseases.

Those that have already arrived have taken a huge toll. Introduced predators were largely responsible for most of Australia’s mammal extinctions^[7]. And introduced diseases have decimated our frogs^[8].

Invasive species are pushing most (82%)^[9] of Australia’s 1,914 nationally listed threatened species closer to extinction.

Imagine if those invasive species had been kept out of Australia. Here are eight of the pests and diseases^[10] we really need to keep out.

Read more: 1.7 million foxes, 300 million native animals killed every year: now we know the damage foxes wreak^[11]

1. Giant African land snail

A giant African snail in Hong Kong, where it is invasive. Thomas Brown/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA^[12]

Giant African snails^[13] have a ferocious appetite. They feed on more than 500 species of plants including agricultural crops and eucalyptus trees. The shells of these giants can be 20cm long and females typically lay 1,200 eggs a year. Adult snails could sneak into shipping containers or machinery and their eggs could be transported in soil or goods. They are now present on Christmas Island.

2. Avian influenza

Thousands of Dalmatian pelicans were killed by highly pathenogenic Avian influenza in Europe in 2022. Birger Strahl/Unsplash

Avian influenza^[14] or bird-flu is a viral disease found in birds. Some strains can kill farmed poultry and susceptible wild birds^[15]. Such highly pathogenic strains are thought to have killed millions of wild birds globally in the past few years. The virus can also jump across to mammals, recently knocking off 3,500 sea lions Peru^[16].

Migratory birds could bring the virus here but it could also be carried in imported birds and poultry products, including contaminated eggs, feathers, poultry feed and equipment. Our biosecurity system is responsible for surveillance^[17] and early detection, preparedness and management to protect our vulnerable wildlife. In California, preparation includes vaccinating^[18] endangered condors.

Read more: Migrating birds could bring lethal avian flu to Australia's vulnerable birds^[19]

3. New tramp ants

A red imported fire ant in the US. Alexander Wild/Wikimedia Commons

We’re already battling some species of tramp ants^[20], but there’s more where that came from - there are at least 16 different species. So far six species including red imported fire ants^[21] have been detected, with efforts underway to contain or eradicate them at their incursion points. On Christmas Island, another tramp ant species (yellow crazy ants^[22]) formed “super colonies”, killing every animal in their path, including tens of millions of the island’s iconic red and robber crabs. Ants are easily transported to new areas in dirt, plants and cargo. Tramp ants threaten Australian ecosystems, agriculture and human health.

4. Bat white nose syndrome

A little brown bat displaying white nose syndrome in the US. Moriarty Marvin/USFWS/WikimediaCommons

White nose syndrome^[23] is a bat disease caused by a fungus. In less than 20 years it has killed more than five million bats across North America, causing local extinctions and reducing the beneficial services performed by bats such as eating harmful insects. The fungus could be introduced to Australian caves on the shoes, clothing and equipment of people who had previously visited caves in Europe or North America.

5. Crayfish plague

Dwarf Cajun crayfish can be carriers of crayfish plague. Chris Lukhaup/USDA-FS/Wikimedia Commons

A highly infectious fungal disease, crayfish plague^[24] is the main cause of crayfish declines across Europe. It has the potential to devastate Australian freshwater crayfish populations. North American crayfish can be carriers of the disease and the illegal trade of crayfish, such as the dwarf Cajun crayfish for aquariums, also threatens to introduce the disease.

6. New myrtle rust strains

The plant disease myrtle rust killing native rose apple leaves in Hawaii. Pest Plants and Animals/Wikimedia Commons

When a strain of myrtle rust arrived in Australia in 2010, it spread quickly along the east coast, infecting 358^[25] different native plant species including eucalypts, bottle brushes and lilly pillies. It has caused major declines and local extinctions of many species. Other exotic myrtle rust strains^[26] occur outside Australia. These present serious threats to Australia’s natural environment and to commercial native forest plantations. Importing infected plant material is the main risk of introduction.

7. Savannah cats

Savannah cats are bred by crossing a domestic cat with an African serval. Jason Douglas/Wikimedia Commons

Savannah cats^[27] are two to three times the size of domestic cats. In 2008 the federal government banned the importation of savannah cats. A scientific assessment^[28] found pet savannah cats had the potential to establish and roam across 97% of the country if they escaped or were released. They can take down prey twice as large as feral cats, so 90% of Australia’s native land mammals would be at risk. Demand for the species from the pet trade raises the risk of smuggling or illegal trade.

8. Black spined toad

A black spined toad in Taiwan. LiCheng Shih/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA^[29]

The black spined toad^[30] is potentially more damaging than the cane toad because it could survive across a bigger region including in the colder parts of Australia. It would prey on native frogs and other small animals, be toxic to larger animals, and probably carry exotic parasites or disease. It is a common stowaway in shipping cargo.

Read more: 97% of Australians want more action to stop extinctions and 72% want extra spending on the environment^[31]

Prioritising nature

Australia’s biosecurity system has generally served our country well, but it is under constant and growing strain^[32]. Historically, the environment has also been the poor cousin of agriculture^[33] at the biosecurity table.

Preparedness and responses for environmental threats remain chronically underfunded^[34], especially when compared to those developed for industry.

A well-resourced independent body focused on the prevention and early elimination of new environmental pests and diseases would be a major step toward achieving our global commitments^[35] to end extinction.

Read more: Hear me out – we could use the varroa mite to wipe out feral honey bees, and help Australia's environment^[36]

Read more https://theconversation.com/australias-least-wanted-8-alien-species-and-diseases-we-must-keep-out-of-our-island-home-212850

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