The TGA is considering paracetamol restrictions due to poisonings – but what does that mean for consumers?
- Written by Natasa Gisev, Clinical pharmacist and Scientia Senior Lecturer at the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney
Paracetamol is Australia’s most widely used pain medicine, with 65 million packs sold[1] across the country in 2021. It is available everywhere from toilet vending machines, convenience stores, supermarkets, and pharmacies.
The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is now undertaking a public consultation[2] into access to paracetamol in the community due to concerns about poisonings, especially among young people.
What is paracetamol and what is it used for?
Paracetamol (commonly marketed as Panadol, Panamax or Dymadon) is a medicine used[3] to treat pain[4] and reduce fever.
Outside of pharmacies, paracetamol is available in packs of up to 20 tablets[5] (or capsules), while pharmacies stock packs of up to 100 tablets and a range of formulations, including liquids and suppositories. Paracetamol’s wide availability and low cost make it a convenient option for people to self-treat pain without a doctor’s appointment or prescription.
At therapeutic doses, paracetamol is considered safe for most people[6], with few side effects when used as directed.
However, it can be dangerous at high doses, resulting in acute liver toxicity[7], which in severe cases may lead to death. Although there are treatments to reverse paracetamol overdose[8], they need to be given within 2-8 hours to be most effective.
Read more: How do painkillers actually kill pain? From ibuprofen to fentanyl, it's about meeting the pain where it's at[9]
Why is the TGA reviewing paracetamol access?
The TGA is concerned about harms from paracetamol poisoning, particularly intentional overdoses among young people, which have been seen in Australia[10] as well as internationally[11]. In response, the TGA requested an independent expert report[12] to support its review of paracetamol access.
The report found that between 2007 and 2020, there were 40–50 deaths each year in Australia from paracetamol poisoning. From 2009 to 2017, hospital admissions due to paracetamol poisoning increased from 8,617 to 11,697. They decreased to 8,723 in 2019–20.
Around 80% of these admissions were due to intentional self-poisoning, with young people aged between 10–24 years accounting for 40–50% of these incidents. Hospitalisations among young people due to intentional overdoses from any medicine also increased over this period. Calls to Australian Poisons Information Centres about self-poisonings involving paracetamol also increased over the last decade.
It is important to note that the number of harmful events is low compared to the amount of paracetamol sold in Australia. For every million packs of paracetamol sold, there were 100 hospital admissions for intentional self-poisoning, three hospital admissions for liver injury, and less than one death. And in recent years, both unintentional and intentional self-poisoning admissions per million packs of paracetamol sold have been decreasing.
Read more: Australia has a paracetamol poisoning problem. This is what we should be doing to reduce harm[14]
How might paracetamol access change?
The expert panel made several recommendations[15] including:
- limiting pack sizes
- introducing purchase limits
- requiring a prescription to purchase higher amounts and modified-release products (such as Panadol Osteo)
- requiring a prescription for people under 18.
Additional measures[16] being considered include changes to packaging and how paracetamol is displayed in stores. At the moment, there are no recommendations to make all paracetamol products prescription-only, or to restrict their sale to pharmacies only.
Many of these strategies are focused on reducing potential harm by limiting the amount of paracetamol available. The change to pack sizes available outside of pharmacies would bring Australia in line with countries such as Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom. These countries have had restricted pack sizes (maximum 10–16 tablets) for sale outside pharmacies for many years and seen reductions[17] in hospital admissions[18] and deaths[19]. Poisonings among people aged 10–17 years also went down[20] in Denmark after age restrictions were introduced in 2011.
The expert report found[21] most cases of self-poisoning involve medicines already present at home. So the benefits of these measures may be limited. But limiting pack sizes may help to reduce the overall quantity of medicines available in the home and the risk of a fatal poisoning.
The expert panel also recommended better follow-up care after self-poisoning events. Developing preventative[22] strategies[23] and increasing mental[24] health support[25] is vital to address the drivers of intentional self-poisonings more broadly.
Read more: One in three people with chronic pain have difficulty accessing ongoing prescriptions for opioids[26]
What next?
Ready access to paracetamol allows people to conveniently self-treat their pain at minimal cost and without visiting a health professional. Reduced paracetamol availability may prompt people to switch to using other pain medicines, such as ibuprofen, which carries its own risks[27] and may not be suitable for everyone.
Although limiting harms due to paracetamol poisoning is important, at the same time, the TGA will need to ensure paracetamol remains accessible to those in need. By keeping paracetamol on the shelves of supermarkets and pharmacies in reduced pack sizes, the TGA will be aiming to strike a balance between accessibility and safety.
The biggest potential impact for people living with chronic pain would be brought about by reducing larger pack sizes currently only available in pharmacies (such as those containing 50–100 tablets) and making modified-release paracetamol products prescription-only. The expert report[28] notes that at 665 mg, the modified-release formulation in particular is linked to larger overdoses. As these products are currently only available from pharmacies, authorities would need to show how these changes would significantly reduce harm, without overly burdening people in pain.
The TGA is seeking feedback[29] until mid-October to guide its decision. After that the TGA’s expert advisory committee will consider whether to amend the Poisons Standard to change how paracetamol can be accessed. For now, paracetamol is available as usual.
If this article has raised issues for you, or if you’re concerned about someone you know, call Lifeline on 13 11 14.
References
- ^ 65 million packs sold (www.tga.gov.au)
- ^ public consultation (www.tga.gov.au)
- ^ medicine used (europepmc.org)
- ^ treat pain (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ available in packs of up to 20 tablets (www.legislation.gov.au)
- ^ considered safe for most people (link.springer.com)
- ^ acute liver toxicity (link.springer.com)
- ^ treatments to reverse paracetamol overdose (www.cochranelibrary.com)
- ^ How do painkillers actually kill pain? From ibuprofen to fentanyl, it's about meeting the pain where it's at (theconversation.com)
- ^ Australia (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
- ^ internationally (www.sciencedirect.com)
- ^ independent expert report (www.tga.gov.au)
- ^ Shutterstock (image.shutterstock.com)
- ^ Australia has a paracetamol poisoning problem. This is what we should be doing to reduce harm (theconversation.com)
- ^ recommendations (www.tga.gov.au)
- ^ Additional measures (consultations.tga.gov.au)
- ^ reductions (www.bmj.com)
- ^ hospital admissions (www.sciencedirect.com)
- ^ deaths (journals.plos.org)
- ^ also went down (www.sciencedirect.com)
- ^ expert report found (www.tga.gov.au)
- ^ preventative (journals.sagepub.com)
- ^ strategies (staging.mja.com.au)
- ^ increasing mental (apo.org.au)
- ^ health support (journals.sagepub.com)
- ^ One in three people with chronic pain have difficulty accessing ongoing prescriptions for opioids (theconversation.com)
- ^ carries its own risks (www.healthdirect.gov.au)
- ^ expert report (www.tga.gov.au)
- ^ TGA is seeking feedback (consultations.tga.gov.au)
