how this flesh-loving, butt-breathing marvel helps us solve murders

Maggots cost Australian agriculture approximately A$173 million per year. Shutterstock

Let’s start with the negative. Attracted to all things decomposing, from rubbish to human remains, they live in filth. Bacterially infected environments are their happy place.

Unfortunately, this can extend to live animals, with wounds becoming infected by maggots, which is known as myiasis. The Australian sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina), for example, is responsible for flystrike on our sheep following the soiling of fleece with rain and body fluids.

It can result in significant discomfort and ultimately death for the animals. This costs Australian agriculture approximately A$173 million^[2] per year .

But there’s a flipside

On the flipside, in forensic entomology we use the rapid attraction of female flies to lay eggs on human remains as a “biological clock”.

Flies are our detectives – moments after a person’s death decomposition begins, the odours produced from the remains quickly attract the flies. We determine the age of insects on remains to estimate the time since death^[3].

Read more: Trust Me, I'm An Expert: forensic entomology, or what bugs can tell police about when someone died^[4]

Forensic entomologists have provided valuable evidence^[5] in many death investigations, and this is possible purely because blowflies are attracted to decomposing organic matter rich in bacteria.

Curiously, the bacteria don’t kill the insects and the larvae feed almost invincibly. This ability is being exploited in human health care.

The most intriguing interaction of maggots and humans is in an area known as maggot therapy. Clean, medical-grade maggots are intentionally and carefully introduced to a chronic wound, where they remove dead tissue and overcome the need for invasive surgical treatment.

Maggots hatch from eggs laid by female blowflies. Shutterstock

Research^[6] has shown maggots don’t just remove the dead tissue by debriding the wound, they simultaneously kill off the harmful bacteria responsible for the infection. This occurs in the very acidic stomach of the maggot, as well as in the wound itself, where highly specialised antibacterial substances are excreted and secreted by the feeding larvae.

So maggots are not just eating machines to eliminate dead tissue, they are medicinal, utilising their own, bespoke pharmaceuticals to clean up wounds that often fail to respond to other treatment – and all for a bargain. A wound may be healed for approximately A$200-500^[7] with no need for a hospital stay or surgical intervention.

Why do they need more research?

Chronic wounds are an increasing burden in the health system, with 400,000 Australians^[8] estimated to have a chronic wound or ulcer at any point in time.

This bears an estimated annual cost of A$2-4 billion^[9] annually, with this figure likely to increase due to the ageing population and prevalence of chronic disease including diabetes. Additionally, antibiotic resistant “superbugs” are posing a challenge to effective wound treatment, which means surgery is needed where less invasive methods fail.

Nature’s little superheroes are ready to help us, if only we let them. Shutterstock

The importance of maggot therapy has been recognised by some Aboriginal people, Central American Mayan tribes and wartime surgeons^[10] in the 1500s and 1800s, but was abandoned in favour of antibiotics.

In the United Kingdom, maggot therapy is approved for doctors to prescribe and could save the National Health Service an estimated A$2.5 billion^[11] per year. In the United States, maggot therapy has resurged and the US Food and Drug Agency provided clearance to market medicinal maggots in 2004^[12].

Read more: Meet the penis worm: don't look away, these widespread yet understudied sea creatures deserve your love^[13]

In Australia, maggot therapy isn’t yet TGA approved, and we need to invest research dollars into understanding its mechanisms and conducting our own clinical trials before this will be achieved.

The maggots, while highly effective, are often misunderstood and clinical data is somewhat skewed by the fact maggots are always the last resort for a chronic, non-healing wound – right before amputation.

This life-saving service provided by the humble maggot all comes back to their love of bacteria and a good necrotic soup. So the next time you hose maggots out of your rubbish bin, pause to reconsider that “yuck” reaction, because nature’s little superheroes are ready to help, if only we let them.

Read more https://theconversation.com/meet-the-maggot-how-this-flesh-loving-butt-breathing-marvel-helps-us-solve-murders-166518