Californians have been concerned about wildfires for a long time, but the past two years^[1] have left many of them fearful and questioning whether any solutions to the fire crisis truly exist.

The Dixie Fire^[2] in the Sierra Nevada burned nearly 1 million acres in 2021, including almost the entire community of Greenville. Then strong winds near Lake Tahoe sent the Caldor Fire^[3] racing through the community of Grizzly Flats and to the edges of urban neighborhoods, forcing the evacuation of tens of thousands of people – including one of us. Those were only the biggest of the 2021 fires^[4], and the risk isn’t over. A wind-blown fire^[5] that started Oct. 11 was spreading quickly near Santa Barbara on the Southern California coast.

As foresters who have been working on wildfire and forest restoration issues in the Sierra Nevada for over a quarter of a century, we have found it painful to watch communities destroyed and forests continuing to burn to a crisp.

The main lesson we gather from how these fires have burned is that forest fuels reduction projects are our best tools for mitigating wildfire impacts under a changing climate^[6], and not nearly enough of them are being done.

Two historic policies, in our view, led the western U.S. to the point where its forests have become so overgrown they’re fueling megafires that burn down whole communities.

Fire suppression

The first policy problem is fire suppression and exclusion.

Fire is an essential ecological process, and many of the ecosystems in the West are adapted to frequent fire^[8], meaning plant and wildlife species have evolved to survive or even thrive after wildfires. But most people arriving in California during colonization, both before and after the Gold Rush of 1849, fundamentally misunderstood the nature of frequent fire forests.

As state and federal agencies evolved policies on forest management, they considered all fire to be an existential problem and declared war. The U.S. Forest Service kicked off a century of fire suppression in the West after the devastating fires of 1910^[9], known as the “Big Blowup” or “Big Burn,” by implementing the 10 a.m. policy. It aimed for full suppression of all fires by 10 a.m. the day after they broke out.

Native people who practiced prescribed fire to manage forests^[10] were removed from their homelands, and burning was criminalized^[11]. California made prescribed fire illegal in 1924, and it remained illegal for decades until a better appreciation of its importance emerged in the 1970s^[12].

Past harvesting practices lead to regulations

The second policy issue is the regulatory approach that grew out of past logging practices.

Foresters and early California communities were interested in forests for lumber and fuel wood^[13]. They sent the largest – and most fire-tolerant – trees to mills to be turned into lumber, which was used to build California’s cities and towns.

Poorly executed logging in some areas led to concerns from residents that forest cover and habitat was shrinking^[14]. As a result, state^[15] and federal^[16] regulations were developed in the 1970s that require managers proposing forest projects to consider a “no action alternative.” In other words, maintaining dense forest habitat in the long term was considered a viable management choice.

On private land, few owners today thin the forest to levels that would mimic the more fire-resilient forests found in the Sierra at colonization. The California Forest Practices Act^[18] until recently required replanting after timber harvest^[19] to levels much more dense than were found at colonization. In other words, our current regulatory framework promotes maintaining high levels of forest density, when much more drastic removal of vegetation is needed.

Taken together, these policies have promoted 21st-century forests that are younger, denser and more homogenous^[20] – making them vulnerable to increasingly severe disturbances such as drought, insect outbreaks and fire. This new reality is exacerbated by a changing climate, which turns the regulatory assumption that active and widespread forest management is riskier than no management on its head.

Agency priorities change as the crisis grows

Just as forests have changed, so too have the agencies that manage and regulate them. The U.S. Forest Service has seen its budgets for fighting fires balloon^[21] while its capacity to proactively manage forests has been shrinking^[22]. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, known as CAL FIRE, has also seen large increases in firefighting budgets, though the state legislature has recently moved to increase fire prevention funds^[23], too.

Living in communities threatened by wildfires this summer, we are very grateful to firefighters who have saved our homes. Yet we also are concerned that more large, high-severity wildfires burning across the landscape mean less funding and staff will be available for proactive fuels reduction projects like forest thinning and prescribed fires^[24].

How do we get out of this mess?

The Dixie^[26] and Caldor^[27] fires that destroyed Greenville and Grizzly Flats provided evidence that forest fuels reduction projects can work^[28].

Both fires burned less severely in areas with proactive forest restoration and fuels management projects, including near South Lake Tahoe^[29] and near Quincy^[30].

Fuels reduction projects include thinning out trees, burning off woody debris and reducing “ladder fuels” like small trees and brush that can allow fire to reach the tree canopy. They create more open forests that are less likely to fuel severe megafires. They also create strategic areas where firefighters can more easily fight^[31] future blazes. And, because fires burn less intensely in thinned forests, they leave more intact forest after a fire for regenerating new trees^[32] and sequestering carbon. Prescribed fires and managed ignitions^[33] paid huge dividends for containing the Dixie and Caldor fires.

To manage fires in an era of climate change, where drier, hotter weather creates ideal conditions for burning, experts estimate that the area treated for fuels reduction needs to increase by at least an order of magnitude^[35]. We believe government needs to accomplish these four things to succeed:

1) Drastically increase funding and staff for agencies’ fuels reduction projects, as well as outreach, cost-sharing and technical assistance for private forestland owners. Although the Biden administration’s proposal for a Civilian Climate Corps^[36] proposes funding to bring in more young and unskilled workers, funding more federal and state agency positions would recruit more natural resource professionals, provide career-track opportunities and better add forest restoration capacity for the long term.

2) Reduce regulations on forest and fuels management efforts for both public and private land. While California^[37] and the federal government^[38] have made recent strides to streamline regulations, land management agencies need to acknowledge the biggest risk in frequent fire forests is doing nothing, and time is running out. Agencies need to drastically cut the time needed to plan and implement fuels reduction projects.

3) Invest in communities’ capacity to carry out local forest restoration work by providing long-term support to local organizations that provide outreach, technical assistance and project coordination services. Funding restoration through competitive grants makes development of long-term community capacity challenging at best.

4) Provide funds and financial incentives for at risk communities to retrofit homes to withstand wildfires^[39] and reduce fuels around homes, communities and infrastructure.

Under a changing climate, we will have to learn to coexist with wildfires in the U.S. West, but this will require concerted action and a cultural shift in how we view and manage our forests and communities to be resilient.

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References

1. ^{^} the past two years (twitter.com)
2. ^{^} Dixie Fire (inciweb.nwcg.gov)
3. ^{^} the Caldor Fire (inciweb.nwcg.gov)
4. ^{^} the 2021 fires (www.fire.ca.gov)
5. ^{^} wind-blown fire (inciweb.nwcg.gov)
6. ^{^} mitigating wildfire impacts under a changing climate (static1.squarespace.com)
7. ^{^} CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
8. ^{^} adapted to frequent fire (static1.squarespace.com)
9. ^{^} West after the devastating fires of 1910 (theconversation.com)
10. ^{^} practiced prescribed fire to manage forests (static1.squarespace.com)
11. ^{^} and burning was criminalized (fireadaptednetwork.org)
12. ^{^} appreciation of its importance emerged in the 1970s (www.fs.fed.us)
13. ^{^} forests for lumber and fuel wood (www.cafiresci.org)
14. ^{^} that forest cover and habitat was shrinking (doi.org)
15. ^{^} state (opr.ca.gov)
16. ^{^} federal (www.fs.fed.us)
17. ^{^} Justin Sullivan/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
18. ^{^} California Forest Practices Act (www.fire.ca.gov)
19. ^{^} required replanting after timber harvest (www.fs.usda.gov)
20. ^{^} younger, denser and more homogenous (static1.squarespace.com)
21. ^{^} fighting fires balloon (headwaterseconomics.org)
22. ^{^} manage forests has been shrinking (www.fs.usda.gov)
23. ^{^} increase fire prevention funds (www.gov.ca.gov)
24. ^{^} forest thinning and prescribed fires (www.gov.ca.gov)
25. ^{^} CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
26. ^{^} Dixie (inciweb.nwcg.gov)
27. ^{^} Caldor (inciweb.nwcg.gov)
28. ^{^} forest fuels reduction projects can work (www.sfchronicle.com)
29. ^{^} near South Lake Tahoe (thisisreno.com)
30. ^{^} near Quincy (www.plumasnews.com)
31. ^{^} strategic areas where firefighters can more easily fight (www.tahoedailytribune.com)
32. ^{^} regenerating new trees (static1.squarespace.com)
33. ^{^} managed ignitions (www.latimes.com)
34. ^{^} CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
35. ^{^} order of magnitude (theconversation.com)
36. ^{^} Civilian Climate Corps (www.kqed.org)
37. ^{^} California (fmtf.fire.ca.gov)
38. ^{^} federal government (www.federalregister.gov)
39. ^{^} retrofit homes to withstand wildfires (extension.unr.edu)
40. ^{^} Sign up for The Conversation’s daily newsletter (theconversation.com)