Health evidence against gas and oil is piling up, as governments turn a blind eye
- Written by Melissa Haswell, Professor of Health, Safety and Environment, Queensland University of Technology and Professor of Practice in Environmental Wellbeing, Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Indigenous Strategy and Services) and Honorary Professor (School
We are seeing deadly heat and fires[1] circle the world. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[2] warns[3] we are fast running out of time to secure a liveable and sustainable future. Without emergency action to stop mining and burning fossil fuels, the world faces an unthinkable 2.8℃ temperature rise.
It’s incomprehensible, then, that many of our politicians support “unlocking the Beetaloo Basin[4]” in the Northern Territory and developing another 48 oil and gas projects[5] across Australia.
“Unlocking” means starting large-scale shale gas extraction. After drilling through 3–4km of rock and aquifers, a cocktail of chemicals, sand and water is forced down the well. This process of hydraulic fracturing is commonly known as fracking. This brings to the surface, and then into the atmosphere, carbon that had been securely stored underground for 300–400 million years[6].
Today we have launched a report[7] that demonstrates the many risks of oil and gas development for human health and wellbeing in Australia. Based on a review of over 300 peer-reviewed studies, our report provides the public and decision-makers with a summary of the now-extensive evidence of these risks.
Read more: Australia's 116 new coal, oil and gas projects equate to 215 new coal power stations[8]
What is the evidence against oil and gas?
There is a need to combat widely held misconceptions and repeated misinformation about the safety of the oil and gas industry. We undertook the review at the request of concerned paediatricians in the Northern Territory.
New research[9] clearly shows that “unlocking gas” is at least as harmful to the climate as mining and burning coal. This is largely due to methane leaks at many stages of production. Methane is 86 times more powerful[10] than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere over 20 years.
Read more: Methane must fall to slow global heating – but only 13% of emissions are actually regulated[11]
Doors opened for the 49 planned projects in Australia after state reviews of potential impacts. These reviews are flawed and outdated as the volume of published studies has grown rapidly in recent years. Reviews were undertaken, for example, in New South Wales[12] in 2014, Northern Territory[13] in 2017, South Australia[14] in 2015 and Western Australia[15] in 2018.
Our report synthesises recent scientific and public health research on five areas of concern about oil and gas operations:
threats to biodiversity, water and food security arising from site preparation, drilling, fracking, wastewater handling, gas pipeline transport and processing
contributions to the climate emergency
a vast array of potentially harmful chemicals
contamination of water, soil and air
physical, social, emotional and spiritual health impacts near oil and gas fields and their sprawling infrastructure.
Each fracking event to release shale gas uses 6 million to 60 million litres[16] of fresh water. Fracking is often applied many times to each of hundreds to thousands of wells in a region. This puts water security at risk[17] in arid areas.
Read more: Mining vs rivers: a single line on a map could determine the future of water in the Northern Territory[18]
Each step of gas production creates risks of contamination of surface and ground water. With vast quantities of wastewater, it can happen through spilling, leaking, flooding and overflows. Wastewater can even be deliberately spread[19] for so-called “beneficial uses”.
This wastewater contains hundreds of chemicals[20]. Some are naturally occurring. Others are added during drilling and fracking.
These chemicals can include heavy metals, phenols, barium, volatile organic compounds including benzene, toluene, ethylene and xylene, radioactive materials, fluoride, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, salt and many chemicals of unknown toxicity.
Air becomes contaminated[21] with volatile organic compounds, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, radioactive materials, diesel fumes, hydrogen sulfide, acrolein and heavy metals. Formaldehyde, particulate matter and ground-level ozone[22] are formed and travel long distances, damaging health and agriculture.
Read more: Companies that frack for oil and gas can keep a lot of information secret – but what they disclose shows widespread use of hazardous chemicals[23]
What are the health impacts?
People exposed to oil and gas operations experience a long list of harms. These include:
Read more: Land clearing and fracking in Australia's Northern Territory threatens the world's largest intact tropical savanna[24]
Putting Indigenous people and others in harm’s way
Many of the 49 planned projects affect Aboriginal land. Some companies have allegedly violated the rights of Traditional Owners to free, prior and informed consent[25]. The massive disruption[26] of Aboriginal Country and life puts people at great risk of physical, social, emotional[27], cultural[28] and spiritual[29] harm.
The report also issues a loud warning about sexual violence against First Nations Americans[30] and Canadians[31] associated with oil and gas activities. The WA parliamentary inquiry[32] into women’s experiences of sexual harassment and sexual violence in “fly in, fly out” (FIFO) mines suggests these risks apply equally in Australia. Yet all government assessments[33] of oil and gas development in Australia completely ignore these risks.
Read more: The Beetaloo drilling program brings potential health and social issues for Aboriginal communities in remote NT[34]
In the United States, the industry has grown so vast within two decades that over 17.6 million people[35] live within a mile (1.6km) of oil or gas wells. By 2016, the estimated cost to the community[36] was US$77 billion. This was the cost of illness, extra health care and premature deaths (7,500) from asthma, respiratory and cardiovascular disease due to air pollution alone.
Our report makes clear any further gas development will have serious impacts on the climate, the people living in or near gas fields and the overburdened health services that serve them.
Read more: Two trillion tonnes of greenhouse gases, 25 billion nukes of heat: are we pushing Earth out of the Goldilocks zone?[37]
References
- ^ deadly heat and fires (public.wmo.int)
- ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (www.ipcc.ch)
- ^ warns (www.ipcc.ch)
- ^ unlocking the Beetaloo Basin (www.industry.gov.au)
- ^ 48 oil and gas projects (www.industry.gov.au)
- ^ 300–400 million years (www.eia.gov)
- ^ report (www.sydney.edu.au)
- ^ Australia's 116 new coal, oil and gas projects equate to 215 new coal power stations (theconversation.com)
- ^ New research (iopscience.iop.org)
- ^ 86 times more powerful (www.csiro.au)
- ^ Methane must fall to slow global heating – but only 13% of emissions are actually regulated (theconversation.com)
- ^ New South Wales (www.chiefscientist.nsw.gov.au)
- ^ Northern Territory (frackinginquiry.nt.gov.au)
- ^ South Australia (www.aph.gov.au)
- ^ Western Australia (frackinginquiry.wa.gov.au)
- ^ 6 million to 60 million litres (www.usgs.gov)
- ^ water security at risk (www.science.org)
- ^ Mining vs rivers: a single line on a map could determine the future of water in the Northern Territory (theconversation.com)
- ^ deliberately spread (pubs.acs.org)
- ^ hundreds of chemicals (www.science.org)
- ^ Air becomes contaminated (www.annualreviews.org)
- ^ ground-level ozone (online.ucpress.edu)
- ^ Companies that frack for oil and gas can keep a lot of information secret – but what they disclose shows widespread use of hazardous chemicals (theconversation.com)
- ^ Land clearing and fracking in Australia's Northern Territory threatens the world's largest intact tropical savanna (theconversation.com)
- ^ free, prior and informed consent (www.accr.org.au)
- ^ massive disruption (nit.com.au)
- ^ social, emotional (anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
- ^ cultural (soe.dcceew.gov.au)
- ^ spiritual (nit.com.au)
- ^ Americans (www.colorado.edu)
- ^ Canadians (www.mmiwg-ffada.ca)
- ^ parliamentary inquiry (www.parliament.wa.gov.au)
- ^ government assessments (territorystories.nt.gov.au)
- ^ The Beetaloo drilling program brings potential health and social issues for Aboriginal communities in remote NT (theconversation.com)
- ^ 17.6 million people (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ cost to the community (iopscience.iop.org)
- ^ Two trillion tonnes of greenhouse gases, 25 billion nukes of heat: are we pushing Earth out of the Goldilocks zone? (theconversation.com)
